Assessment of effectiveness of geologic isolation systems. ARRRG and FOOD: computer programs for calculating radiation dose to man from radionuclides in the environment

Napier, Bruce A.; Roswell, R.L.; Kennedy, W.E.; Strenge, D.L.

doi:10.2172/5162624

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Historically, additional food crop types have been considered in some US models (e.g., FOOD, Napier et al 1980) including:…”

Section: Expanded Consideration Of Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additional Research Needs to Support the GENII Biosphere Models

Napier¹,

Snyder²,

Arimescu³

2013

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SummaryIn the course of evaluating the current parameter needs for the GENII Version 2 code (Snyder et al. 2013), areas of possible improvement for both the data and the underlying models have been identified. As the data review was implemented, PNNL staff identified areas where the models can be improved both to accommodate the locally significant pathways identified and also to incorporate newer models. The areas are general data needs for the existing models and improved formulations for the pathway models.It is recommended that priorities be set by NRC staff to guide selection of the most useful improvements in a cost-effective manner. Suggestions are made based on relatively easy and inexpensive changes, and longer-term more costly studies. In the short term, there are several improved model formulations that could be applied to the GENII suite of codes to make them more generally useful. These are: Implementation of the separation of the translocation and weathering processes  Implementation of an improved model for carbon-14 from non-atmospheric sources  Implementation of radon exposure pathways models  Development of a Keyhole Markup Language (KML) processor for the output report generator module data that could be superimposed upon digital maps for easier presentation and display  Implementation of marine mammal models (manatees, seals, walrus, whales, etc.) Modifications to include a radionuclide transport model for estuarine environments.Data needs in the longer term require extensive (and potentially expensive) research. Before picking any one radionuclide or food type, a review of current and anticipated environmental analyses should be made to select "dominant" radionuclides of interest to allow setting of cost-effective priorities for radionuclide-and pathway-specific research. These include  soil-to-plant uptake studies for oranges and other citrus fruits  Development of models for evaluation of radionuclide concentration in highly-processed foods such as oils and sugars  Sediment/radionuclide transport models in estuary, ocean, and freshwater environments.Finally, renewed studies of radionuclide cleanup in various modern types of municipal water treatment facilities such as advanced filtration or reverse-osmosis processes may be performed without development of any new or costly experimental facilities.v

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“…Historically, additional food crop types have been considered in some US models (e.g., FOOD, Napier et al 1980) including:…”

Section: Expanded Consideration Of Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additional Research Needs to Support the GENII Biosphere Models

Napier¹,

Snyder²,

Arimescu³

2013

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“…This normal quantile is computed as in Section 2.3.3.2. If n-1<100 the quantile from the t distribution is used, being obtained as (Kennedy et al, 1980) where z  is the value from the normal (0,1) distribution satisfying F(z)=1- .…”

Section: Cdf's and Ccdf'smentioning

confidence: 99%

GENII Version 2 Software Design Document

Napier¹,

Strenge²,

Ramsdell³

et al. 2004

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“…The necessary computer subroutines are well established in current codes for computing radiological dose (7,11,12). They are under more or less continuous revision.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Exposure Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of codes structured to permit determination of dose contributions from individual nuclide or pathway (5,11), has indicated that radiation doses from ingestion of certain other radionuclides can be higher than those from inhalation given the same initial air concentration. The most obvious example is the radiation dose from radioiodine via milk consumption, with a somewhat smaller contribution via vegetables (68)(69)(70).…”

Section: Critical Pathway Considerations (Food Chains)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems in Evaluating Radiation Dose via Terrestrial and Aquatic Pathways

Vaughan¹,

Soldat²,

Schreckhise³

et al. 1981

Environmental Health Perspectives

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This review is concerned with exposure risk and the environmental pathways models used for predictive assessment of radiation dose. Exposure factors, the adequacy of available data, and the model subcomponents are critically reviewed from the standpoint of absolute error propagation. Although the models are inherently capable of better absolute accuracy, a calculated dose is usually overestimated by from two to six orders of magnitude, in practice. The principal reason for so large an error lies in using "generic" concentration ratios in situations where site specific data are needed.Major opinion of the model makers suggests a number midway between these extremes, with only a small likelihood of ever underestimating the radiation dose. Detailed evaluations are made of source considerations influencing dose (i.e., physical and chemical status of released material); dispersal mechanisms (atmospheric, hydrologic and biotic vector transport); mobilization and uptake mechanisms (i.e., chemical and other factors affecting the biological availability of radioelements); and critical pathways. Examples are shown of confounding in food-chain pathways, due to uncritical application of concentration ratios. Current thoughts of replacing the critical pathways approach to calculating dose with comprehensive model calculations are also shown to be ill-advised, given present limitations in the comprehensive data base. The pathways models may also require improved parametrization, as they are not at present structured adequately to lend themselves to validation. The extremely wide errors associated with predicting exposure stand in striking contrast to the error range associated with the extrapolation of animal effects data to the human being.

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Assessment of effectiveness of geologic isolation systems. ARRRG and FOOD: computer programs for calculating radiation dose to man from radionuclides in the environment

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

Additional Research Needs to Support the GENII Biosphere Models

Additional Research Needs to Support the GENII Biosphere Models

GENII Version 2 Software Design Document

Problems in Evaluating Radiation Dose via Terrestrial and Aquatic Pathways

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