Assessment of ecotoxicity of spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) refinery catalysts on Raphidocelis subcapitata and predictive models for toxicity

Wang, Yue-jie; Wang, Chen; Li, Lingling; Chen, Yan; He, Chunhong; Lu, Zheng

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112466

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The longer the residence time, the deeper the reaction between the components. The presence of various forms of nickel, sulfur, and vanadium as major impurities in the regenerated and spent catalysts contributes to catalyst deactivation and attrition factors [7,8,22,[55][56][57]. These poisons occur naturally in the non-hydrotreated atmospheric residue (feedstock) and are associated with various structures during the process.…”

Section: Crystallography Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Equilibrium Catalysts from the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process of Atmospheric Residue

Zakariyaou,

Ye,

Oumarou

et al. 2023

Catalysts

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In the FCC conversion of heavy petroleum fractions as atmospheric residues, the main challenge for refiners to achieve the quantity and quality of various commercial products depends essentially on the catalyst used in the process. A deep characterization of the catalyst at different steps of the process (fresh, regenerated, and spent catalyst) was investigated to study the catalyst’s behavior including the physicochemical evolution, the deactivation factor, and kinetic–thermodynamic parameters. All samples were characterized using various spectroscopy methods such as N2 adsorption–desorption, UV-visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, LECO carbon analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR13C) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of the N2 adsorption–desorption, UV-vis, Raman, LECO carbon, and SEM imaging showed that the main causes of catalyst deactivation and coking were the deposition of carbon species that covered the active sites and clogged the pores, and the attrition factor due to thermal conditions and poisonous metals. The XRD and XRF results showed the catalyst’s physicochemical evolution during the process and the different interlinks between catalyst and feedstock (Nickel, Vanadium, Sulfur, and Iron) elements which should be responsible for the coking and catalyst attrition factor. It has been found that, in addition to the temperature, the residence time of the catalyst in the process also influences catalyst structure transformation. NMR13C analysis revealed that polyaromatic hydrocarbon is the main component in the deposited coke of the spent catalyst. The pyridine-FTIR indicates that the catalyst thermal treatment has an influence on its Brønsted and Lewis acid sites and the distribution of the products. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the order of catalyst mass loss was fresh > regenerated > spent catalyst due to the progressive losses of the hydroxyl bonds (OH) and the structure change along the catalyst thermal treatment. Moreover, the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters showed that all zones are non-spontaneous endothermic reactions.

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Section: Crystallography Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Equilibrium Catalysts from the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process of Atmospheric Residue

Zakariyaou,

Ye,

Oumarou

et al. 2023

Catalysts

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…With regard to the first reason, the possible reduction of NiO to Ni(0) within the riser reactor may have undesired effects on valuable gasoline and LPG yields and, most importantly, may enhance hydrogen and coke formation by promoting dehydrogenation reactions. On the other hand, if Ni exists as bulk crystalline NiO, then depending on its content, the spent FCC catalyst may be classified as "hazardous waste" with all the associated economic and environmental consequences; the lower limit in the case of NiO is 1000 ppm (0.1 wt.%) for the European Union (ECHA) [5,9,10]. Even after its use at a given refinery, equilibrium/spent catalysts (Ecat) can be used in other refineries and FCC units or other industrial applications, which further increases the importance of the European Health and Safety (EHS) classification for its proper handling throughout its complete lifecycle [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Ni-Phases and Their Transformations in Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Catalysts: Comparison of Conventional Versus Boron-Based Ni-Passivation

et al. 2022

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Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) has traditionally been a key refining process in generating transportation fuels. Recently, the focus on FCC has been further intensified as it plays an increasingly important role in the generation of key building blocks for the petrochemical industry. Nickel is considered as one of the most challenging contaminants in FCC and originates from Ni-containing compounds in petroleum fractions, not only during unit operation but also in handling of the equilibrium and spent catalysts. Despite this critical role it plays throughout the complete lifecycle of an FCC catalyst, the nature of Ni is not yet well understood at various stages of its journey after depositing on the catalyst surface. The main objective of this contribution is the qualitative and quantitative identification of the various possible phases of Ni that are usually present in an equilibrium FCC catalyst (Ecat). A series of conventional and advanced analytical techniques have been employed, including XRF, ICP-AES, PXRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis-NIR, SEM-EDS, TEM/HRTEM and STEM/EXDS, XPS, RAMAN and TPR-H2, on prototype Ni-impregnated SiO2, Al2O3 and USY zeolite samples, Ni-impregnated and lab-deactivated FCC samples, and equilibrium FCC catalysts obtained from different refineries. Detailed analysis of the obtained results on the basis of background information, showed the strengths and weaknesses of the various methods. It was shown that powder x-ray diffraction (pxrd) can be effectively used for the quantitative determination of the NiO (bunsenite) phase at levels representative of equilibrium FCC catalysts. A comparison of conventional versus boron-based Ni-passivation is presented. It was shown that catalysts from boron-based technology (BBT) can keep Ni at a less-reducible state, effectively hindering its deleterious role in FCC operations.

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Bioleaching of metals from spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst using adapted Acidithiobacillus caldus

Wang,

Li,

Zhao

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Assessment of ecotoxicity of spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) refinery catalysts on Raphidocelis subcapitata and predictive models for toxicity

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Characterization of Equilibrium Catalysts from the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process of Atmospheric Residue

Characterization of Equilibrium Catalysts from the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process of Atmospheric Residue

Characterization of Ni-Phases and Their Transformations in Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Catalysts: Comparison of Conventional Versus Boron-Based Ni-Passivation

Bioleaching of metals from spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst using adapted Acidithiobacillus caldus

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