Assessment of Economic Convergence Among Countries in the European Union

Abstract

The debate on the presence of economic benefits in the European Union (EU) is not over. The study responds unequivocally to this question, with the intensity of economic development in the countries that joined the European Union in 2004 and beyond twice as high as that of the countries that joined it this year, i.e. the EU’s old ones compared to the new ones; smoothness – 1.1 times and dynamics – 1.6 times. Another important trend for further development is that, as the level of economic development increases, its smoothness is diminishing. In respect of the context of the EP of all EU Members, it turned out that the higher intensity of enlargement was characterised by higher economic levels, with similar homogeneity and almost identical values for the dynamic indicator. The introduction to the article presents the context of the studies, i.e. two groups of EU Community countries are formed according to their level of economic development and the year of their accession to the Community, as well as a survey scheme. The literature review reveals the methods used to analyse the convergence of economic development in these countries, as members of the Community. The research methodology introduces the indicator of economic development of countries and provides a methodology for assessing its dynamics. The empirical part assesses the dynamics of economic development of both groups of countries and identifies trends in terms of convergence. The discussion section summarises the consolidation and destabilising factors in the EU and the importance of the study carried out in this context. The conclusions present the main results of the studies and outline their further directions. The results of the study can be used both in the EU and for the purpose-oriented decisions of its members on further economic development.

Institutions’ Effect on a Country’s Investment Attractiveness within Sustainable Development

“…Moreover, the results showed that in the long term, the policy on improving a country's investment attractiveness should consider the targeted value for each indicator. Furthermore, the Ukrainian government should provide the convergent policy with the EU countries (Szczepańska-Woszczyna et al, 2022).…”

The Role of Population Aging in High-Quality Economic Development: Mediating Role of Technological Innovation

“…the urbanization rate (measured by the proportion of the urban population in the total population (Urb)). Urbanization is characterized by the concentration of economic, demographic and political capcity, which makes it possible to concentrate and control significant financial resources, create new technologies and new types of services, and carry out innovative activities (Szczepańska-Woszczyna et al, 2022);…”

“…the degree of marketization (Mar)-a higher degree of marketization reveals the capabilities of the market to regulate resource distribution and could affect HQED (Fan et al, 2016;Ramadania et al, 2022); the urbanization rate (measured by the proportion of the urban population in the total population (Urb)). Urbanization is characterized by the concentration of economic, demographic and political capcity, which makes it possible to concentrate and control significant financial resources, create new technologies and new types of services, and carry out innovative activities (Szczepan´ska-Woszczyna et al, 2022); trade openness (measured by the proportion of the regional import and export trade volume in the production value (Open)). China's open economic development is mainly reflected in the current account balance and import and export trade.…”

Cross-cultural Communication Strategies in the Digital Era: A Bibliometric Analysis

“…When this happens, they display a lot of cultural practices both in their communication and general conduct. Considering to the studies [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] cross-cultural communication plays a significant role in the green development of a country [28,[38][39][40]42] and the success of businesses in terms of stakeholderoriented value [29], institutional components [30][31][32], globalization [33][34][35], economic growth [36][37], and sustainable development [40][41][42].…”