Assessment of dry season surface, ground, and treated water quality in the Cape Coast municipality of Ghana

Quagraine, E. K.; Adokoh, Christian K.

doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0716-5

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This study, along with other water quality assessments in Africa, indicates that moderate to heavy fecal contamination is the greatest health risk associated with drinking water (Bordalo and Savva-Bordalo 2007;Quagraine and Adokoh 2010;Howard et al 2003;Omezuruike et al 2008;Ayanlaja et al 2005;Zamxaka et al 2004;Clasen and Bastable 2003;Shayo et al 2007) while physiochemical contamination is a less important consideration. Greater attention should be given to implementing methods to reduce fecal contamination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Water quality associated public health risk in Bo, Sierra Leone

Jimmy

Sundufu

Malanoski

et al. 2012

Environ Monit Assess

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Human health depends on reliable access to safe drinking water, but in many developing countries only a limited number of wells and boreholes are available. Many of these water resources are contaminated with biological or chemical pollutants. The goal of this study was to examine water access and quality in urban Bo, Sierra Leone. A health census and community mapping project in one neighborhood in Bo identified the 36 water sources used by the community. A water sample was taken from each water source and tested for a variety of microbiological and physicochemical substances. Only 38.9% of the water sources met World Health Organization (WHO) microbial safety requirements based on fecal coliform levels. Physiochemical analysis indicated that the majority (91.7%) of the water sources met the requirements set by the WHO. In combination, 25% of these water resources met safe drinking water criteria. No variables associated with wells were statistically significant predictors of contamination. This study indicated that fecal contamination is the greatest health risk associated with drinking water. There is a need to raise hygiene awareness and implement inexpensive methods to reduce fecal contamination and improve drinking water safety in Bo, Sierra Leone.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Water quality associated public health risk in Bo, Sierra Leone

Jimmy

Sundufu

Malanoski

et al. 2012

Environ Monit Assess

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“…A monitoring programme executed in Cambodia [3] reported elevated levels of lead, selenium, molybdenum and chromium only in a limited number of cases. Mercury was marginally detected in some surface and ground waters in Ghana [4]. Another study conducted in Ghana [5] also found concentrations of lead, uranium and boron above the World Health Organisation (WHO) Guide Values (GVs) in restricted areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Also iron and manganese can be present in surface and ground waters at levels ranging from 0.5 to 50 mg/L and from 1 μg/L to 10 mg/L, respectively [8]. Concentrations exceeding WHO GVs, respectively 0.3 mg Fe/L and 0.4 mg Mn/L, were found in Cambodia [3], Zimbabwe [9], Ghana [4,5], Cameroon [10], Pakistan [11] and Bangladesh [6]. Sharaky et al [12] observed in the groundwater in the Nile delta area concentrations of trace elements lower than the standard limits, except for iron, manganese and nickel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They suggested that the presence of iron in these boreholes could be due to its percolation from granitic and metamorphosed rocks into groundwater. Turbidity is a typical problem of surface waters and shallow open wells, as observed in the studies done in Cameroon [14], Malawi [15], Ghana [4,5], Pakistan [11] and Bangladesh [6], but it can also affect boreholes as reported in Zimbabwe [9] and Ghana [5]. Ketchemen's work [16] on the underground waters in the far north of Cameroon showed that nitrate levels were above the standards and this high content was linked to human activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Physical-Chemical Drinking Water Quality in the Logone Valley (Chad-Cameroon)

et al. 2013

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Unsafe drinking water is one of the main concerns in developing countries. In order to deal with this problem, a cooperation project was set up by the ACRA Foundation in the Logone valley (Chad-Cameroon). Water supplies were sampled throughout the villages of this area mostly from boreholes, open wells, rivers and lakes as well as some piped waters. The samples were analysed for their physical-chemical and microbiological quality in order to identify the contamination problems and suggest appropriate solutions. Results of the assessment confirmed that in the studied area there are several parameters of health and aesthetic concern. Elevated lead levels were detected both in aquifers and in surface waters, confirming that further investigations of the occurrence of lead contamination in the Logone valley are warranted. In addition, many groundwater sources are negatively impacted by parameters of aesthetic concern, such as turbidity, iron and manganese. Even though they do not affect human health, elevated levels of these parameters cause consumers to abandon improved water supplies, often in favour of surface water sources that are microbiologically contaminated. The use of alternative sources, improvement of water supply structures and water treatment are possible solutions to improve the quality of drinking water in the Logone valley.

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“…Recent studies have documented coliform pollution of shallow wells and groundwater (Obiri-Danso et al 2009), rivers (Abdul-Razak et al 2009), rural and municipal domestic water supply (Ampofo 1997;Quagraine and Adokoh 2009), "sachet" and hand-tied drinking water (Dodoo et al 2006;Obiri-Danso et al 2003) in different parts of Ghana. As important as these studies are in revealing the health dangers associated with coliform bacteria, none of the papers confronted the issue through a well designed sampling programme to assess the sources of these pollutants in treated waters based on prevailing environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Evaluation of Raw, Treated and Distributed Water Quality from the Barekese Dam (River Offin) in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

Gibrilla

Bam

Adomako

et al. 2011

Water Qual Expo Health

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Evaluation of seasonal variations in river water (raw), treated and distributed water quality is vital for assessing spatial and temporal changes in the quality of water delivered to consumers. In this study, raw water, treated and distributed water collected from 27 sampling points in the dry and rainy seasons were analyzed for 21 physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters from the Barekese dam. The results showed a seasonal trend in the physical, chemical and coliform bacteria with the rainy season having higher values of the measured parameters. Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) and two well documented Water Quality Index models, Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment (CCME) and Tiwari and Mishra (Indian J. Environ. Prot. 5:276-279, 1985) were used as a complementary tool to assess the overall suitability of the water for industrial and drinking purposes. The LSI indicated that all the samples are under saturated, and thereby, suitable for domestic and industrial purposes. The CCME and TM models showed that the raw water in both seasons was unsuitable for drinking without any form of treatment, while the treated water in both seasons was of 'excellent' quality. The distributed water in both seasons showed a wide variation in the quality rating in the two models. The CCME model rated 52%, 30% and 17% of the distributed water as "excellent", "very good" and "good", respectively, while the TM model rated 74% of the distributed water as "excellent" and 26% as "very good" in the dry season. In the rainy season, the CCME rated 43% of the distributed water as "excellent", 48% as "very good" and 8% as "good" while the TM model rated 87% of the distributed water as "excellent" and 13% as "good". The CCME and TM models showed comparable results, even though they were developed for surface water and groundwater, respectively. The calculated efficiency (E%) of the treatment process using the CCME WQI was found to be 52% and 57%, while the average distributed water quality deterioration (D%) was 2.79% and 2.70% for the dry and rainy season, respectively. The study also showed great improvement in the water quality after the treatment process, however, maintenance of free chlorine residual was found to be insufficient to control coliform occurrences in the distribution system. Furthermore, the distribution line, especially the service lines, impacted negatively on the water quality resulting in high coliform bacteria. This is partly due to illegal connections, leakages or pipe burst along gutters or drainage systems and low pressure leading to back sucking. The study has also shown a high rise in nutrients load in the raw and distributed water. This phenomenon is likely to cause algae growth in the dam and the distribution networks, thereby increasing the risk of coliform bacteria and production cost.

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Assessment of dry season surface, ground, and treated water quality in the Cape Coast municipality of Ghana

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Water quality associated public health risk in Bo, Sierra Leone

Water quality associated public health risk in Bo, Sierra Leone

Assessment of Physical-Chemical Drinking Water Quality in the Logone Valley (Chad-Cameroon)

Seasonal Evaluation of Raw, Treated and Distributed Water Quality from the Barekese Dam (River Offin) in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

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