Assessment of Drowsiness Based on Ocular Parameters Detected by Infrared Reflectance Oculography

Anderson, Clare; Chang, Anne Marie; Sullivan, Jason P.; Ronda, Joseph M.; Czeisler, Charles A.

doi:10.5664/jcsm.2992

Cited by 54 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…movements/attentional failures that herald the transition from wakefulness to sleep (26)(27)(28)(29), and the occurrence of microsleep episodes indicate that drivers were much more drowsy when driving after the night shift than when driving after a night of sleep, consistent with laboratory data (30). We found that postnight-shift drivers were much sleepier, and noticed increasing difficulty keeping their eyes open and maintaining lane position, particularly when driving for more than 15-30 min, which has been related to slowing on EEG (increased θ power), lane drifting and severe driving impairment during simulated driving, and increased crash risk (2,(31)(32)(33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High risk of near-crash driving events following night-shift work

Lee

Howard

Horrey

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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119

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Night-shift workers are at high risk of drowsiness-related motor vehicle crashes as a result of circadian disruption and sleep restriction. However, the impact of actual night-shift work on measures of drowsiness and driving performance while operating a real motor vehicle remains unknown. Sixteen night-shift workers completed two 2-h daytime driving sessions on a closed driving track at the Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety: (i) a postsleep baseline driving session after an average of 7.6 ± 2.4 h sleep the previous night with no night-shift work, and (ii) a postnightshift driving session following night-shift work. Physiological measures of drowsiness were collected, including infrared reflectance oculography, electroencephalography, and electrooculography. Driving performance measures included lane excursions, near-crash events, and drives terminated because of failure to maintain control of the vehicle. Eleven near-crashes occurred in 6 of 16 postnight-shift drives (37.5%), and 7 of 16 postnight-shift drives (43.8%) were terminated early for safety reasons, compared with zero near-crashes or early drive terminations during 16 postsleep drives (Fishers exact: P = 0.0088 and P = 0.0034, respectively). Participants had a significantly higher rate of lane excursions, average Johns Drowsiness Scale, blink duration, and number of slow eye movements during postnight-shift drives compared with postsleep drives (3.09/min vs. 1.49/min; 1.71 vs. 0.97; 125 ms vs. 100 ms; 35.8 vs. 19.1; respectively, P < 0.05 for all). Night-shift work increases driver drowsiness, degrading driving performance and increasing the risk of near-crash drive events. With more than 9.5 million Americans working overnight or rotating shifts and one-third of United States commutes exceeding 30 min, these results have implications for traffic and occupational safety. drowsy driving | sleep | EEG | infrared oculography | fatigue

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High risk of near-crash driving events following night-shift work

Lee

Howard

Horrey

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

168

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Such devices can be considered advantageous as they are comparably unobtrusive to the driver, and can assess drowsiness in real-time. Automated measures of oculography have been found to be highly related to simulated driving metrics in well-rested (Mortazavi, Eskandarian, & Sayed, 2009) and sleep-deprived healthy individuals 6 (Johns, et al, 2007;Anderson et al, 2013;Ftouni et al, 2013). However, the current evidence supporting the effectiveness of automated technologies for detecting drowsiness and performance impairment is scarce, and such devices require further validation in sleep deprived subjects, particularly among commercial drivers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slow eyelid closure as a measure of driver drowsiness and its relationship to performance

Jackson

Raj

Croft

et al. 2016

Traffic Injury Prevention

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(2016). Slow eyelid closure as a measure of driver drowsiness and its relationship to performance. Traffic Injury Prevention, 17 (3), 251-257. Slow eyelid closure as a measure of driver drowsiness and its relationship to performance AbstractObjective: Slow eyelid closure is recognized as an indicator of sleepiness in sleep-deprived individuals, although automated ocular devices are not well validated. This study aimed to determine whether changes in eyelid closure are evident following acute sleep deprivation as assessed by an automated device and how ocular parameters relate to performance after sleep deprivation. Methods: Twelve healthy professional drivers (45.58 ± 10.93 years) completed 2 randomized sessions: After a normal night of sleep and after 24 h of total sleep deprivation. Slow eye closure (PERCLOS) was measured while drivers performed a simulated driving task. Results: Following sleep deprivation, drivers displayed significantly more eyelid closure (P < .05), greater variation in lane position (P < .01) and more attentional lapses (P < .05) compared to after normal sleep. PERCLOS was moderately associated with variability in both vigilance performance (r = 0.68, P < .05) and variation in lane position on the driving task (r = 0.61, P < .05). Conclusions: Automated ocular measurement appears to be an effective means of detecting impairment due to sleep loss in the laboratory.

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“…13 Such blinks exhibit unique properties, including slowing of the closing and reopening phases of a blink, which reflect the sleep/wake-related changes by the central nervous system (CNS). 13 These ocular parameters have also been found to be sensitive to variations in circadian phase and increased homeostatic sleepiness over time, 11 suggesting potential utility as a real-time sleepiness monitoring system in occupational and on-road settings. Hence, the current study employed the use of an ocular-based sleepiness detection system (Optalert) to assess sleepiness levels in a shift working population during a simulated night shift, following a series of night shifts worked in the "real world."…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies have assessed the efficacy of ocular metrics as practical tools in providing accurate, realtime, continuous assessment of alertness level. 11,12 Ocular measures, such as blink durations, are associated with the onset of sleep or microsleeps, and are observed in sleep-deprived individuals. 13 Such blinks exhibit unique properties, including slowing of the closing and reopening phases of a blink, which reflect the sleep/wake-related changes by the central nervous system (CNS).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Measures of Sleepiness Are Increased in Night Shift Workers Undergoing a Simulated Night Shift Near the Peak Time of the 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin Rhythm

Ftouni

Nicholas

Kennaway

et al. 2015

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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Study Objectives:The study examined the relationship between the circadian rhythm of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) and ocular measures of sleepiness and neurobehavioral performance in shift workers undergoing a simulated night shift. Methods: Twenty-two shift workers (mean age 33.4, SD 11.8 years) were tested at approximately the beginning (20:00) and the end (05:55) of a simulated night shift in the laboratory. At the time point corresponding to the end of the simulated shift, 14 participants were classifi ed as being within range of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) acrophasedefi ned as 3 hours before or after aMT6s peak-and 8 were classifi ed as outside aMT6s acrophase range. Participants completed the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the auditory psychomotor vigilance task (aPVT). Waking electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded and infrared refl ectance oculography was used to collect ocular measures of sleepiness: positive and negative amplitude/velocity ratio (PosAVR, NegAVR), mean blink total duration (BTD), the percentage of eye closure (%TEC), and a composite score of sleepiness levels (Johns Drowsiness Scale; JDS).Results: Participants who were tested within aMT6s acrophase range displayed higher levels of sleepiness on ocular measures (%TEC, BTD, PosAVR, JDS), objective sleepiness (EEG delta power frequency band), subjective ratings of sleepiness, and neurobehavioral performance, compared to those who were outside aMT6s acrophase range. Conclusions:The study demonstrated that objective ocular measures of sleepiness are sensitive to circadian rhythm misalignment in shift workers. Keywords: oculometrics, circadian misalignment, shift work, performance, sleepiness Citation: Ftouni S, Sletten TL, Nicholas CL, Kennaway DJ, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SM. Ocular measures of sleepiness are increased in night shift workers undergoing a simulated night shift near the peak time of the 6-sulfatoxymelatonin rhythm. J Clin Sleep Med 2015;11(10):1131 -1141 .pii: jc-00268-14 http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5086 S hift work has become a ubiquitous part of labor practices due to the increasing pressure for 24-hour provision of goods and services. This drive for round-the-clock productivity, however, has resulted in negative consequences to health, safety, and performance.1 Such consequences have been welldocumented in a number of occupational sectors in which peak functioning during the night shift is critical, for example, commercial transport, mining, emergency services, and health care. The impairment to alertness that occurs during night shift work is mainly attributed to misalignment of the imposed sleep-wake cycle from the internally generated circadian (~24-hour) rhythm of sleepiness, 3 often against a background of chronic sleep defi ciency and prolonged periods of wakefulness. Alertness and neurobehavioral performance peak when the circadian pacemaker promotes wakefulness during the daytime, and decline markedly during the night, particularly between 03:00 and 06:00, 4 as the circadian pacemaker strongly promotes...

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Assessment of Drowsiness Based on Ocular Parameters Detected by Infrared Reflectance Oculography

Cited by 54 publications

References 52 publications

High risk of near-crash driving events following night-shift work

High risk of near-crash driving events following night-shift work

Slow eyelid closure as a measure of driver drowsiness and its relationship to performance

Ocular Measures of Sleepiness Are Increased in Night Shift Workers Undergoing a Simulated Night Shift Near the Peak Time of the 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin Rhythm

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