Assessment of Driving Performance Using a Simulator Protocol: Validity and Reproducibility

Bédard, Michel; Parkkari, Marie; Weaver, Bruce; Riendeau, Julie; Dahlquist, Mike

doi:10.5014/ajot.64.2.336

Cited by 140 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Using a driving simulator is an acceptable alternative to test a teen without a driver's permit, because it provides a safe alternative that minimizes on-road risks and allows the OT-CDRS to evaluate reproducible driving conditions not confounded by extraneous variables often found on the roadways (e.g., a child running across the road). Evidence suggests that errors recorded during simulator evaluations relate to errors assessed during on-road testing in the same population (Shechtman, Awadzi, Classen, Lanford, & Joo, 2010;Bédard, Parkkari, Weaver, Riendeau, & Dahlquist, 2010). For example, in a group of healthy younger and older adults, the same trends were found in errors made on the road as in the errors made in the driving simulator.…”

Section: Driving Simulatorsupporting

confidence: 51%

Indicators of Simulated Driving Skills in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Classen¹,

Monahan²,

Hernández³

2013

The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy

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Adolescents are at high risk for motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). Teens with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may have an even greater risk for MVCs due to impaired visual, cognitive, and motor skills critical for driving. This prospective two group study demonstrated the demographic, clinical, and simulated driving skill differences of seven adolescents with ASD (mean age = 15.14, SD ±1.22) compared to 22 healthy controls (HC) (mean age = 14.32, SD ±.72) through a comprehensive driving evaluation (CDE) conducted by an occupational therapist certified driving rehabilitation specialist (OT-CDRS). Adolescents with ASD performed poorer on right eye acuity (Fischer's (F) = 13.44, p = .003), cognition (Mann-Whitney Statistic (U) = 29.00, p = .01), visual motor integration (U = 27.50, p = .01), motor coordination (U = 5.00, p = .001), operational skills for managing simulator controls (U = 4.00, pU = 30.50, p = .02), speed regulation (U = 13.50, p = .001), lane maintenance (U = 34.00, p = .03), signaling (U = 38.50, p = .03), and adjustment to stimuli (U = 9.00, pU = 5.00, pConclusion). Compared to the HC, adolescents with ASD performed worse on visual, cognitive, motor, simulator operational, and fitness to drive skills, suggesting that an OT-CDRS may play an important role in assessing teens with ASD before they pursue traditional driver's education. KeywordsAutomobile Driving, Adolescence, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Fitness to Drive, Simulator Rationale, Significance, and PurposeAlthough driving is a milestone for adolescents, little is known about the fitness to drive abilities of teens with ASD who have characteristics that may impair their driving performance. The simulator is an ideal tool to assess adolescents whoare not yet licensed to drive. Based on previous work (Classen et al., in press), where an OT-CDRS conducted a CDE using a clinical battery of tests and a driving simulator, the authors found that teens with ADHD and ASD had impaired fitness to drive abilities. Therefore, in the current study we are only examining group differences between teen 2 The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, Vol. 1, Iss. 4 [2013] drivers with ASD and the HC, and we expect that teens with ASD will perform worse on tests of visual, cognitive, and motor abilities, and that they will make more driving errors (by type and number) when compared to the HC.The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the between group differences in clinical and simulated driving skills among adolescents with ASD as compared to the HC when assessed by an OT-CDRS. If teens with ASD indicate impaired clinical and driving performance issues, then our findings will help to justify the involvement of an OT-CDRS, vs a driving school instructor, in assessing and honing the fitness to drive abilities of teens with ASD, thereby positioning them to be more successful in obtaining a driver's license. Methods ParticipantsIn this prospective between group study we compared seven adolescents with a physician confirmed diagnosis of ASD (mean age = 15.14, SD ...

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Section: Driving Simulatorsupporting

confidence: 51%

Indicators of Simulated Driving Skills in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Classen¹,

Monahan²,

Hernández³

2013

The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy

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“…Computer simulated driving environments (driving simulators) would seem to fulfil these needs, providing a flexible way of generating a range of visual display conditions that can place demands on the same perceptual-motor and cognitive functions as realworld driving (Akinwuntan et al, 2012;Classen & Brooks, 2014;Lees, Cosman, Lee, & Fricke, 2010;Mayhew et al, 2011), however the use of simulation in practice is sparse (Dickerson, 2013). Whilst in recent years many studies have supported the use of simulators as a form of driving assessment (Bédard et al, 2010;Casutt, Martin, Keller, & Jäncke, 2014;Classen & Brooks, 2014;Eramudugolla, Price, Chopra, Li, & Anstey, 2016;Mayhew et al, 2011;Shechtman, Classen, Awadzi, & Mann, 2009); see Dickerson, 2014 for a review), the tasks used have largely aimed to reproduce real-world scenarios and assessment methods (e.g. Bédard et al, 2010;Eramudugolla et al, 2016).…”

Section: Measuring Perception Action and Cognition Using Driving Simmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whilst in recent years many studies have supported the use of simulators as a form of driving assessment (Bédard et al, 2010;Casutt, Martin, Keller, & Jäncke, 2014;Classen & Brooks, 2014;Eramudugolla, Price, Chopra, Li, & Anstey, 2016;Mayhew et al, 2011;Shechtman, Classen, Awadzi, & Mann, 2009); see Dickerson, 2014 for a review), the tasks used have largely aimed to reproduce real-world scenarios and assessment methods (e.g. Bédard et al, 2010;Eramudugolla et al, 2016). Matching simulated driving with real-world driving performance can be an important step in establishing validity of these methods for licensing authorities, however, we would contend that the main strength of simulators is not reproducing identical conditions to real driving.…”

Section: Measuring Perception Action and Cognition Using Driving Simmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the various limitations of on-road driving tests (as highlighted in the section below) they remain the reference against which other methods (e.g. off-road testing or driving simulation) are compared ((Akinwuntan et al, 2006;Bédard, Parkkari, Weaver, Riendeau, & Dahlquist, 2010;Classen et al, 2013;George & Crotty, 2010;Hird, Vetivelu, Saposnik, & Schweizer, 2014;Iverson et al, 2015). The future of driving assessment must establish which metrics best capture the necessary and sufficient perceptual, motor and cognitive functions for driving to ensure that those with the requisite capabilities are allowed to continue to drive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Looking to the future of visual assessment using driving simulation

Wilkie

Mole

2017

Scand J Optom Vis Sci

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Visual function is considered uniquely important for driving because it provides multiple critical sources of information that when combined ensures successful steering. There are, however, additional cognitive functions that are essential for the driver to be able to dynamically respond to the world and make predictions about the scene, as well as the behaviour of other road users. Given the complexity of driving through a busy urban environment it should be no surprise that simple tests of visual acuity seem to have weak explanatory power in terms of increased crash risk when driving. Despite this, fitness to drive still includes a formal assessment of visual acuity, with poor scores being used to revoke the driving licence. The "gold standard" measure of driving ability remains the on-road driving test but compared to visual tests they are fairly uncontrolled, susceptible to great variation depending on the road conditions, and are unable to reliably detect subtle visual deficits. To address some of the limitations of these existing tests we use examples from two simulator settings (steering control and hazard detection) that highlight the merits of using driving simulation in order to control the visual conditions and probe specific functional capabilities of drivers. When used in conjunction with visual tests these methods will not only determine whether the core functions of driving are intact but also be able to provide richer feedback to individuals about the nature of their deficits. There are many exciting possibilities using simulation techniques to establish predictive relationships between routine visual testing and driving performance, ultimately aiming for better, more reliable assessment of fitness to drive. SammendragSynsfunksjonen betraktes som enestående viktig for bilkjøring fordi den bidrar til flere kritiske informasjonskilder som sammen sikrer trygg kontroll av bilen. Men det finnes i tillegg andre kognitive funksjoner som er nødvendige for at en bilfører skal kunne reagere dynamisk og kunne forutse både hendelser i trafikkbildet og andre trafikanters handlinger. Tatt i betraktning kompleksiteten av å kjøre i trafikkerte, tettbygde strøk, er det ikke overraskende at en enkel test av synsstyrke sjelden kan forklare fullstendig risikoen for kollisjoner ved bilkjøring. Til tross for dette brukes fortsatt synsstyrke som et mål i den formelle undersøkelsen når man skal avgjøre om en person er egnet til å føre motorvogn, og dårlige resultater på synstesten fører til inndragelse av førerkortet. Kjøreevne måles fortsatt med praktisk prøve, men sammenlignet med tester av synsfunksjonen er disse prøvene vanskelige å kontrollere, sterkt varierende avhengig av veiforholdene, og ikke i stand til å avsløre små synsdefekter. For å studere noen av begrensningene ved disse eksisterende prøvene bruker vi eksempler fra to simulatorsettinger (styrekontroll og evne til å oppdage fare) som viser fordelene med å bruke kjøresimulator for å kontrollere synsforholdene og teste bestemte funkjonelle ferdighet...

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“…On-road assessment is the gold standard. However, the process is costly and time consuming (Bedard, et al, 2010;Bryer, et al, 2006). A person who is unable to undergo a driving assessment as recommended by their medical professional is unlikely to be able to retain their licence (Anceaux, et al, 2008).…”

Section: Wwwintechopencommentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation into the Impact of Parkinson's Disease upon Decision Making Ability and Driving Performance

Davies¹,

Lee²,

Falkmer³

2011

Diagnostics and Rehabilitation of Parkinson's Disease

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Assessment of Driving Performance Using a Simulator Protocol: Validity and Reproducibility

Cited by 140 publications

References 15 publications

Indicators of Simulated Driving Skills in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Indicators of Simulated Driving Skills in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Looking to the future of visual assessment using driving simulation

An Investigation into the Impact of Parkinson's Disease upon Decision Making Ability and Driving Performance

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