Assessment of drinking water quality and rural household water treatment in Balaka District, Malawi

Mkwate, Raphael C.; Chidya, Russel; Wanda, Elijah M.M.

doi:10.1016/j.pce.2016.10.006

Cited by 38 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Compared with borehole water samples (Table 1), water samples from the hand-drawn wells had higher values and this can be linked to the intrusion of runoff into them, following the absence of borehole casings and caps. It could also be the result of soil disturbance within the well during water withdrawals (Mkwate et al, 2017). Similar values of higher TDS for shallow wells were obtained by Dahunsi et al (2014) for selected communities in the South-Western Nigeria and Owamah et al (2013) for communities in the neighboring Isoko North Local Government Area.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Apart from water samples of HDW in YM district with Fe concentration of 850±290 µg L -1 , above the 300 µg L -1 of SON (2007), the rest other values of Fe obtained across the districts (Table 3) were below the specified maximum permissible level. High levels of Fe in water could lead to characteristic reddish staining and increased turbidity (Mkwate et al, 2017). The value of potassium obtained, is in line with the claim of Mkwate et al (2017) that potassium concentration in natural waters has been widely reported to be low (0-15,000 µg L -1 ).…”

Section: Following Minor Adjustmentssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…High levels of Fe in water could lead to characteristic reddish staining and increased turbidity (Mkwate et al, 2017). The value of potassium obtained, is in line with the claim of Mkwate et al (2017) that potassium concentration in natural waters has been widely reported to be low (0-15,000 µg L -1 ). Potassium levels obtained in this study are below the recommended limits of 25,000-50,000 µg L -1 (Sojobi, 2016) for drinking water.…”

Section: Following Minor Adjustmentssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Cd and its various compounds are reportedly, carcinogenic (Dahunsi et al, 2014;Khan et al, 2013). At high levels of exposure, Cd can cause vomiting and diarrhea but lower levels for longer period, can cause kidney impairment (USEPA 1977, Mkwate et al, 2017. Other health challenges associated with drinking water containing high levels of Pb and Cd are contained in Sojobi (2016).…”

Section: Following Minor Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Groundwater Quality Assessment in a University Sub-Urban Community in Delta State, Nigeria: Part A-Physicochemical Analysis

Ajibola¹

2019

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

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This study provides detailed scientific information on the physicochemical properties of drinking water from groundwater in a Nigerian university sub-urban community. Water samples from boreholes (BHs) and handdrawn wells (HDWs) in the community were collected and analyzed for their biological and physicochemical parameters, and the metals from July 2016 to January 2017 for wet and dry seasons. Results obtained, showed that the physicochemical factors complied with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, except for pH being lower in some locations. In the wet and dry seasons, pH varied from 4.4 to 6.2 and from 4.8 to 6.7 respectively. While the mean value for wet season was 5.7, dry season was 5.9; to give a seasonal mean difference of 0.2.Cd and Pb, in both wells, for many locations, were slightly higher than the prescribed limits. The slight elevated concentrations of Pb and Cd could be attributed to oil exploration activities in the study area. The study recommends the provision of improved drinking water in the community.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Following Minor Adjustmentssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Following Minor Adjustmentssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Following Minor Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Groundwater Quality Assessment in a University Sub-Urban Community in Delta State, Nigeria: Part A-Physicochemical Analysis

Ajibola¹

2019

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

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“…A questionnaire-type survey regarding the use of water treatment systems was conducted via consultation with village committees and household visits. Surveys were conducted in accordance with professional ethics while respecting the voluntary participation and privacy of the interviewees [2]. First, we confirmed the distribution and usage rate of household water treatment systems in the village and then randomly selected one to four volunteers to conduct a questionnaire survey.…”

Section: Survey and Water Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Efficacy of Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems Using the Water Quality Index in Rural Southwest China

Zhang

et al. 2020

Water

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Rural China faces a shortage of safe drinking water. There are significant challenges associated with small centralized water supply systems and decentralized water supply systems. Many rural residents use point-of-use water treatment systems to ensure the safety of their drinking water. The actual water purification effect and applicability of these water treatment systems in small centralized and decentralized water supply systems need to be determined urgently. In this study, the water quality index (WQI) method was applied for the first time in rural areas to evaluate the effectiveness of point-of-use water treatment systems. A total of 67 reverse osmosis water treatment systems were tested. The rate of compliance with drinking water standards of the decentralized water supply was low (37%). Compared with untreated water, the use of a reverse osmosis water treatment system improved the rate of compliance with drinking water standards, but this effect was not satisfactory (8%). Among the factors potentially affecting the purified water quality of point-of-use water treatment systems (e.g., service time of the water treatment system, service time of the filter element, and type of water source), the service time of the filter element had the most significant influence on the water quality. If the filter element had not been replaced for a long period, the removal effect of the water treatment system on the total hardness, sulfide, copper, and ammonia nitrogen was significantly affected, reducing the quality of the purified water. To ensure the safety of drinking water, it is recommended to replace the filter element of a reverse osmosis water treatment system at least once a year.

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Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Associated Human Health Risk of Central Gujarat, India

Siddha

Sahu

2020

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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The groundwater quality of Vishwamitri River Basin (VRB), Central Gujarat, is assessed to evaluate its competency to meet the agricultural and drinking standards, and to determine associated human-health risk by consumption of this groundwater, if any. The overall groundwater quality for drinking is expressed by water quality index. Various indices like sodium adsorption ratio, salinity hazard, soluble sodium percentage, magnesium adsorption ratio, and Kelly's ratio represent groundwater's agricultural suitability. A health risk assessment model is used to measure non-carcinogenic human health hazard. Results reveal that i) trace metals like lithium, manganese, molybdenum, strontium, thallium, vanadium and zinc are present in groundwater indicating contamination of groundwater by hazardous industrial and agricultural wastes; ii) groundwater of about 78% of VRB area is unsuitable for drinking; iii) positive values of Schoeller index of maximum groundwater samples indicate that ion exchange of Na + and K + with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ is the dominant mechanism to control the quality of groundwater; iv) SAR values indicate high to very high salinity of groundwater and therefore, it is unsuitable for irrigation; and v) the health risk assessment model discloses that the risk of gastrointestinal disorder is higher in children than adults; and oral ingestion is more dangerous than dermal exposure.

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Assessment of drinking water quality and rural household water treatment in Balaka District, Malawi

Cited by 38 publications

References 11 publications

Groundwater Quality Assessment in a University Sub-Urban Community in Delta State, Nigeria: Part A-Physicochemical Analysis

Groundwater Quality Assessment in a University Sub-Urban Community in Delta State, Nigeria: Part A-Physicochemical Analysis

Evaluating the Efficacy of Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems Using the Water Quality Index in Rural Southwest China

Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Associated Human Health Risk of Central Gujarat, India

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