Assessment of Distribution and Diversity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in the Most Prevalent Boraginaceae Species in Macedonia

Stefova, Elena; Cvetanoska, Marinela; Bogdanov, Jane; Matevski, Vlado; Станоева, Јасмина Петреска

doi:10.1002/cbdv.202200066

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…According to the national Flora of Republic of Macedonia [11] the different plant species belong to Boraginaceae family are significantly widespread in the country and they are widely used in traditional medicine but up to date there are not available data about the presence and content of different classes of polyphenolic compounds. Our previously published studies [12,13] indicated that analyzed species contain low levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and they are not a health risk factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Extraction, Distribution and Diversity of Phenolic Compounds in Most Widespread Boraginaceae Species from Macedonia

Станоева

Стефова

Matevski

2023

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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A systematic study of extraction efficiency of polyphenolic compounds from the most widespread Boraginaceae species was carried out. The optimal extraction was achieved with 50 % (V/V) methanol for phenolic acids and flavonoids, 0.2 % (V/V) HCl in 50 % (V/V) methanol for anthocyanins and pure water for flavan-3-ols. The distribution and diversity of polyphenolic compounds in plant material obtained from wild-growing Anchusa officinalis, Cynoglossum creticum Mill., Echium vulgare, Echium italicum, and Onosma heterophylla Griseb. species from Macedonia was also assessed. These widespread Boraginaceae species contain phenolic acid derivatives, flavonoids, flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins and in total 31 of them were identified, from which 22 were first identified in the representative species, and 6,8-di-C-glucosides of apigenin and luteolin were identified for the first time in Boraginaceae. The profiles of polyphenolic compounds for each sample were obtained and their phytochemical profile established. The potential for further bioactivity studies of Anchusa officinalis and Cynoglossum creticum containing up to 24577.05 μg/g and 14304.15 μg/g of total polyphenols were assumed to be highest, followed by Echium vulgare (from 6382.61 to 14114.33 μg/g), Onosma heterophylla (9463.97 μg/g) and Echium (4108.14 μg/g).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Extraction, Distribution and Diversity of Phenolic Compounds in Most Widespread Boraginaceae Species from Macedonia

Станоева

Стефова

Matevski

2023

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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“…In the research conducted by Stefova et al (2022) [37], the toxicity potential of several common plant species found in Macedonia, including E. vulgare, E. italicum L., S. officinale L., C. creticum Mill., and Onosma heterophylla Griseb was analyzed. Based on the content of PAs, O. heterophylla and C. creticum were found to have the highest potential for toxicity (with levels up to 4753 mg/kg and 3507 mg/kg, respectively).…”

Section: Plants As a Source Of Pasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids—Pros and Cons for Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications

Jayawickreme,

Świstak,

Ozimek

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Heterocyclic organic compounds named pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) belong to a group of alkaloids and are synthesized by either plants or microorganisms. Therefore, they are naturally occurring secondary metabolites. They are found in species applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries, thus a thorough knowledge of their pharmacological properties and toxicology to humans is of great importance for their further safe employment. This review is original because it synthesizes knowledge of plant and microbial PAs, which is unusual in the scientific literature. We have focused on the Boraginaceae family, which is unique due to the exceptional richness and diversity of its PAs in plant species. We have also presented the microbial sources of PAs, both from fungi and bacteria. The structure and metabolism of PAs have been discussed. Our main aim was to summarize the effects of PAs on humans, including both negative, toxic ones, mainly concerning hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity, as well as potentially positive ones for pharmacological and medical applications. We have collected the results of studies on the anticancer activity of PAs from plant and microbial sources (mainly Streptomyces strains) and on the antimicrobial activity of PAs on different strains of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi). Finally, we have suggested potential applications and future perspectives.

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“…Using a large amount of PAs overa short periodof time can lead to hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome ( Zhuge et al, 2019 ; Teschke et al, 2021 ). While almost all Boraginaceae plants contain PAs, some are used in traditional Chinese medicine ( El-Shazly and Wink, 2014 ; Ahmad et al, 2018 ; Stefova et al, 2022 ). The roots of (Royle ex Benth.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and health risk of three Boraginaceae used in TCM

Zan

Wang²,

Hu³

et al. 2023

Front. Pharmacol.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically explore the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) type, content and risk assessment in the three Boraginaceae used in TCM, involving Arnebia euchroma (AE), A. guttata (AG), and Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE).Method: A UHPLC–MS/MS method was established to simultaneously determine eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), namely intermedine, lycopsamine, intermedine N-oxide, lycopsamine N-oxide, 7-acetyllycopsamine, 7-acetyllycopsamine N-oxide, echimidine N-oxide, and echimidine in the three herbs. Based on these results, the risk assessment was explored using the routine margin of exposure (MOE) combined with relative potency (REP) for oral and external usage, respectively.Results and Conclusion: Imermedine and imermedine N-oxide were common components in the eight tested PAs. 7-acetyllycopsamine and its N-oxide were not detected in AE; echimidine and its N-oxide were not detected in AG; lycopsamine and its N-oxide, 7-acetyllycopsamine and its N-oxide were not detected in LE. The total contents of 8 PAs in 11 batches of AG was341.56–519.51 μg/g; the content in 15 batches of LE was 71.16–515.73 μg/g, and the content in 11 batches of AE was 23.35–207.13 μg/g. Based on these results, the risk assessment was explored using MOE combined with REP for oral and external usage, respectively. The findings of the risk assessment method of PAs based on MOE combined with the REP factor were consistent with the clinical toxicity results. As an oral herb, AE had low risk or no risk due to its low PA contents, and individual batches of LE were medium risk, while attention should be paid to their clinical use.AG was also low risk. The external use of the three Boraginaceae used in TCM was not associated with any risk. This study systematically explored the PA type and content of the three Boraginaceae used in TCM. Additionally, the refined risk assessment of PAs based on REP provided a more scientific basis for quality evaluation and rational use of the medicinal Boraginaceae used in TCM to improve public health.

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Assessment of Distribution and Diversity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in the Most Prevalent Boraginaceae Species in Macedonia

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Extraction, Distribution and Diversity of Phenolic Compounds in Most Widespread Boraginaceae Species from Macedonia

Extraction, Distribution and Diversity of Phenolic Compounds in Most Widespread Boraginaceae Species from Macedonia

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids—Pros and Cons for Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and health risk of three Boraginaceae used in TCM

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