Assessment of Diabetics by the Quantification of Essential Elements and Stable Isotope Ratios of Carbon and Nitrogen in Scalp Hair

Mercury Exposure and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…e sample size of the analyzed studies ranged between 53 and 15,327 subjects. Regarding the sex of participants, 5 studies reported data for subgroups of males and females separately [14,18,35,36,41], 1 study just included males [19], 1 study just included females [15], and the remaining studies were performed on a combination of both genders. e quality of studies was medium to high, with scores ranging from 4 to 9. e characteristics of the analyzed publications are presented in Table 1.…”

“…In the pooled analysis of all eligible studies, Hg levels were signi cantly higher in T2DM patients compared with non-T2DM controls (random e ects, SMD 1.07; 95% CI 0.59 to 1.55, P ≤ 0.001) (Figure 2), with a signi cant heterogeneity across studies (I2 96.1%; P ≤ 0.001). In the strati ed analysis by type of sample, compared with healthy controls, Hg levels were also significantly higher in blood (7 studies [16,19,32,[40][41][42]44], SMD 0.64 μg/L; 95% CI 0.05 to 1.22, P 0.03) and hair (3 studies [14,33,41], SMD 3.15 μg/L; 95% CI 1.49 to 4.82, P ≤ 0.001) of patients with T2DM, but not in urine samples (based on 1 study [15]) (Figure 2).…”

“…Several mechanisms are introduced such as altering Ca 2+ homeostasis, activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) Akt signaling pathway, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [5]. Some studies have assessed the presence of this metal in diabetic patient's scalp hair [14], urine [15], and blood [16][17][18][19] to examine any relationships between its levels with T2DM markers, but the results were heterogeneous. While some studies demonstrated positive relationships between T2DM and Hg levels in blood [20][21][22][23][24][25], urine [26], hair [27], and toenail [28], some other studies did not observe any relationship [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”

Hyperfiltration in Diabetic Patients Associated With Mild Hyponatremia

“…Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy subjects generally declines with an increase of age. The 5th and 95th percentiles of estimated GFR (eGFR), calculated from control subjects of Japanese without pre-diabetes and pre-hypertension, decrease 0.5-0.6 mL/ min/1.73 m 2 per year, during 20 and 89 years [4][5][6][7]. In contrast, the decrease of eGFR is faster in diabetic patients (1.34 mL/min/1.73 m 2 per year) than healthy subjects, and resulted in subsequent kidney damage which is characteristic of hypofiltration in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease [1,7,12].…”