Assessment of Depression, Anxiety, and Sleep Disturbance in COVID-19 Patients at Tertiary Care Center of North India

Abstract

Background and Objective The novel Coronavirus pandemic surfaced in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and spread rapidly across the globe. In recent available literature, most of the studies were done to estimate the burden of psychiatric problems among general population due to this pandemic, Therefore, this study was planned to assess depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance among Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients. Materials and Methods A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was done from June 2020 to August 2020 among 100 COVID-19 patients who were admitted and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Assessment of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance were done by patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scale, generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale and Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI), respectively. Results In this study, 73% were males and 27% were females. The mean age of the patients in present study was 42.90 ± 16.33 years. This study reveals that depression was in 27%, anxiety in 67%, and sleep disturbance in 62% of patients. Depression and anxiety were found significantly associated with presence of comorbidity and severity of illness (p < 0 0.05). The association of sleep disturbance with severity of illness was also found statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion The risk of psychological stress is high in COVID-19 patients. The psychological problems among COVID-19 patients are commonly related to the consequences of disease, and severity and contagiousness of the disease. Therefore, in this present pandemic situation, it is more important to identify these psychological problems among COVID-19 patients, so that better care and timely interventions can be done with respect to psychological issues.

COVID-19 depression and its risk factors in Asia Pacific – A systematic review and meta-analysis

“… Sun et al, 2021 ), ( Tsang et al, 2021 ), (H. Wang et al, 2021 ), (Y. Wang et al, 2021 ), ( Wickens et al, 2021 ), ( Wu et al, 2021a ), (R. Yadav et al, 2021 ), ( Yan et al, 2021 ), ( Yasmin et al, 2021 ), ( Young et al, 2021 ) Gender 30 11.86 (Xu Chen et al, 2021 ), ( Chi et al, 2021 ), ( Devkota et al, 2021 ), ( Fang et al, 2021 ), ( Glenister et al, 2021 ), (Huang et al, 2021), ( Rashid et al, 2021 ), ( Kibbey et al, 2020 ), (S. Liu et al, 2021 ), ( Liu et al, 2020 ), ( Matsumoto et al, 2021 ), ( Moore et al, 2021 ), ( Nomura et al, 2021 ), ( Matsumoto et al, 2021 ), ( Moore et al, 2021 ), ( Nomura et al, 2021 ), ( Pandey et al, 2021 ), ( Parthasarathy et al, 2021 ), ( Peng et al, 2021 ), ( Robillard et al, 2021 ), ( Rossell et al, 2021 ), ( Safa et al, 2021 ), ( Sakib et al, 2021 ), ( Song et al, 2020 ), ( Suzuki et al, 2021 ), ( Turna et al, 2021 ), ( Veldhuis et al, 2021 ), (Y. Wang et al, 2021 ), ( Wong et al, 2021 ), ( Wu et al, 2021a ), (R. Yadav et al, 2021 ), ( Yan et al, 2021 ) Deterioration of medical problems/ medical condition/ diagnosed disease/ underlying disease 21 8.30 (J.…”

“…Studies have also reported depression prevalence among various cohorts including HCWs ( Matsumoto et al, 2021 ; Young et al, 2021 ), general population ( Liu et al, 2020 ; Veldhius et al, 2021), students ( Wu et al, 2021a ; Yadav et al, 2021 b), and further identified risk factors contributing to increased depression ( Tee et al, 2021 ; Wickens et al, 2021 ; Yan et al, 2021 ). Further, a search of the literature revealed meta-analytics indicating estimated pooled prevalence of depression of 22.8% among HCWs in Asian countries in May 2020 ( Pappa et al, 2020 ) whilst another review among global HCWs conducted in November 2020 reported a higher overall prevalence of depression of 40% ( Saragih et al, 2021 ).…”

Intersections between pneumonia, lowered oxygen saturation percentage and immune activation mediate depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue syndrome-like symptoms due to COVID-19: A nomothetic network approach

“…COVID-19 is frequently associated with mental health symptoms. Depression is present in 27% of the admitted COVID-19 patients, anxiety in 67%, and sleep disorders in 63% ( Yadav et al, 2021 ). Another study reported an increased prevalence of depression (29.2%) in patients who experienced COVID-19 infection ( Zhang et al, 2020b ).…”

“…Another study reported an increased prevalence of depression (29.2%) in patients who experienced COVID-19 infection ( Zhang et al, 2020b ). Anxiety levels in patients with COVID-19 are associated with severity of the condition and comorbidities ( Yadav et al, 2021 ). The effects of COVID-19 on mood symptoms are often described as being the consequence of psychological effects.…”

Intersections between pneumonia, lowered oxygen saturation percentage and immune activation mediate depression, anxiety and chronic fatigue syndrome-like symptoms due to COVID-19: a nomothetic network approach

“…COVID-19 is frequently associated with mental health symptoms. Depression is present in 27% of the admitted COVID-19 patients, anxiety in 67%, and sleep disorders in 63% (Yadav et al, 2021).…”