Assessment of data on vector and host competence for Japanese encephalitis virus: A systematic review of the literature

Oliveira, Ana Raquel Soares de; Strathe, Erin; Etcheverry, Luciana; Cohnstaedt, Lee W.; McVey, D. Scott; Piaggio, J.; Cernicchiaro, Natalia

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.03.018

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…From the Yellow Sea, and traveling at 75 km/h, a bird would take about 3 days to reach Alaska (about 5,000 km), which is about the same time viremia would last, considering the host was infected with JEV right before the last flight towards the breeding site (Doll, ). Moreover, according to the literature, Aedes vexans is the only known JEV competent vector that exists in Alaska, and only a few JEV‐competent avian species are known to take these flyways towards Alaska, shortening the potential for JEV transmission (Bickley, ; Mallek & Groves, ; Oliveira et al., ; Winker et al., ; Yang et al., ). Also, once infected, birds remain immune for life and are no longer able to amplify the virus (Misra & Kalita, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most important competent vectors that have been implicated in JEV transmission and spread are linked to the Culex genus, mainly to Culex tritaeniorhynchus , although more than 30 mosquito species have been shown to be JEV competent (Le Flohic, Porphyre, Barbazan, & Gonzalez, ; Oliveira et al., ; Solomon, ). In the literature, and when compared to Cx.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introduction of the Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) in the United States – A qualitative risk assessment

Oliveira

Piaggio

Cohnstaedt

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Summary The purpose of this risk assessment (RA) was to qualitatively estimate the risk of emergence of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in the United States (US). We followed the framework for RA of emerging vector‐borne livestock diseases (de Vos et al. 2011), which consists of a structured questionnaire, whose answers to questions can be delivered in risk categories, descriptive statements, or yes or no type of answers, being supported by the literature. The most likely pathways of introduction of JEV identified were: (a) entry through infected vectors (by aircraft, cargo ships, tires, or wind); (b) import of infected viremic animals; (c) entry of viremic migratory birds; (d) import of infected biological materials; (e) import of infected animal products; (f) entry of infected humans; and (g) import/production of contaminated biological material (e.g., vaccines). From these pathways, the probability of introduction of JEV through infected adult mosquitoes via aircraft was considered very high and via ships/containers was deemed low to moderate. The probability of introduction via other pathways or modes of entry (vector eggs or larvae, hosts, and vaccines) was considered negligible. The probability of transmission of JEV was variable, ranging from low to high (in the presence of both competent vectors and hosts), depending on the area of introduction within the US. Lastly, the probability of establishment of JEV in the continental US was considered negligible. For that reason, we stopped the risk assessment at this point of the framework. This RA provides important information regarding the elements that contribute to the risk associated with the introduction of JEV in the US. This RA also indicates that infected mosquitoes transported in aircraft (and cargo ships) are the most likely pathway of JEV entry and therefore, mitigation strategies should be directed towards this pathway.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction of the Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) in the United States – A qualitative risk assessment

Oliveira

Piaggio

Cohnstaedt

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Section: Lessons Learned Regarding Virus-vector-host Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous studies focused on the relative role that various vectors and hosts have on the epidemiology of JEV (7)(8)(9). Mosquito vectors other than Culex tritaeniorhynchus were found to have higher pooled proportions of JEV infection (7,8), as well as infection and transmission risks (9). To date, Culex tritaeniorhynchus has been considered the most important JEV vector in Southeastern Asia (6); however, this may be the result of an overrepresentation of this species in the literature due to issues related to study and sampling design (19).…”

Section: Lessons Learned Regarding Virus-vector-host Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Viral transmission is influenced by complex interactions that occur among virus, vector and host, and is driven by environmental, genetic, and ecological determinants (5). The enzootic cycle of JEV is maintained by pigs (the main JEV amplifying host) and ardeid birds, with more than 30 mosquito species identified as potential vectors (3,(6)(7)(8)(9). Humans are deadend hosts that do not amplify the virus nor sustain mosquito infection due to low peaks of viremia (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perspectives Regarding the Risk of Introduction of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) in the United States

et al. 2020

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Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic, emerging disease transmitted by mosquito vectors infected with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Its potential for emergence into susceptible regions is high, including in the United States (US), and is a reason of economic concern among the agricultural community, and to public health due to high morbidity and mortality rates in humans. While exploring the complexities of interactions involved with viral transmission, we proposed a new outlook on the role of vectors, hosts and the environment under changing conditions. For instance, the role of feral pigs may have been underappreciated in our previous work, given research keeps pointing to the importance of susceptible populations of wild swine in naïve regions as key elements for the introduction of emergent vector-borne diseases. High risk of JEV introduction has been associated with the transportation of infected mosquitoes via aircraft. Nonetheless, no JEV outbreaks have been reported in the US to date and results from a qualitative risk assessment considered the risk of establishment to be negligible under the current conditions (environmental, vector, pathogen, and host). In this work, we discuss virus-vector-host interactions and ecological factors important for virus transmission and spread, review research on the risk of JEV introduction to the US considering the implications of risk dismissal as it relates to past experiences with similar arboviruses, and reflect on future directions, challenges, and implications of a JEV incursion.

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Conclusions

Beltz¹

2021

Zika and Other Neglected and Emerging Flaviviruses

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Assessment of data on vector and host competence for Japanese encephalitis virus: A systematic review of the literature

Cited by 27 publications

References 145 publications

Introduction of the Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) in the United States – A qualitative risk assessment

Introduction of the Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) in the United States – A qualitative risk assessment

Perspectives Regarding the Risk of Introduction of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) in the United States

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