Assessment of cure-residual strains through the thickness of carbon–epoxy laminates using FBGs Part II: Technological specimen

Mulle, Matthieu; Collombet, Francis; Olivier, Philippe; Zitoune, Rédouane; Huchette, Cédric; Laurin, Frédéric; Grunevald, Yves-Henri

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.06.013

Cited by 49 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Differential scanning calorimetry, [4] dielectrometry, [5] and pointtype optical-fiber sensors (including extrinsic Fabry-Perot type sensors, [6,7] Raman spectroscopy, [8] and fiber Bragg grating sensors [9][10][11]) are well-known cure-monitoring techniques. Embedded optical-fiber sensors in particular are considered very useful for measuring the temperature and strain inside a curing structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure strain in thick CFRP laminate: optical-fiber-based distributed measurement and numerical simulation

Ito

Obo

Minakuchi

et al. 2014

Advanced Composite Materials

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This study seeks to clarify the mechanism of strain development in curing a thick composite structure with a temperature distribution in the thickness direction. Strain developed during curing can be separated into two parts according to the causes. One is chemical cure shrinkage of the matrix; the other is thermal shrinkage (or expansion) of the cured composite. Therefore, this study consists of a cure-shrinkage part and a thermal-shrinkage part. In both parts, the curing was monitored with an embedded distributed optical-fiber sensor (pulse-pre-pump Brillouin opticaltime-domain analysis, PPP-BOTDA) and analyzed. In the cure-shrinkage strain part, the strain distribution caused by different temperature histories was observed. We confirmed that the lower viscosity part was influenced by the cure shrinkage of the other part and that these phenomena can be analyzed by the visco-elastic cure model. In the thermal-strain part, the amount of total shrinkage strain and the apparent coefficient of temperature expansion distribution were observed in the thickness direction. Warpage of the specimen was also observed. These results were confirmed to be caused by the distribution of temperature and of the fiber volume fraction, V f .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure strain in thick CFRP laminate: optical-fiber-based distributed measurement and numerical simulation

Ito

Obo

Minakuchi

et al. 2014

Advanced Composite Materials

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“…Therefore, quality assurance of large-scale composite structures is necessary, and there is an urgent need to develop effective cure monitoring techniques for composite materials since the quality of the materials is very dependent on their cure processes [1][2][3]. Several cure monitoring techniques are utilized for composite materials, such as differential scanning calorimetry [4], dielectrometry [5], and point type optical fiber sensors including extrinsic Fabry-Perot type sensors [6,7], Raman spectroscopy [8], and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors [9][10][11]. Among these techniques, optical fiber sensors are very useful for strain and temperature monitoring of composite materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure monitoring of carbon–epoxy composites by optical fiber-based distributed strain–temperature sensing system

Ito

Minakuchi

Mizutani

et al. 2012

Advanced Composite Materials

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“…The process ends after the cure plateau, with the decrease of temperature (third step), leading to residual cure stresses proportional to the measured residual strains [4,6]. In this case, the Bragg wavelength depends on strain and temperature, as…”

Section: Simple Epoxy Resin Curing Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies reported the use of a single FBG and a thermocouple to discriminate temperature from strain during composite process and to achieve determination of residual strains (see e.g. [4]). However, the device presented here seems to be a good way to be free from the use of an invasive (metal-based) thermocouple.…”

Section: Simple Epoxy Resin Curing Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, some well known issues concern for instance the durability evaluation and damage tolerance design [1,2], the characterisation of residual stresses [3,4] as well as the identification of the global mechanical properties of such composite structures [5], that presents obstacles related to the multiplicity of the involved scales, the complexity of the mechanical answers, the ignorance of the material state and the unavoidable properties variability induced by the manufacturing processes. In this way the monitoring of the process can give some answers [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid Resin Infusion process monitoring with embedded superimposed long period and short period Bragg grating sensor.

Triollet

Robert

Marin

et al. 2010

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. We propose here the monitoring of the Liquid Resin Infusion (LRI) process for using a superimposed long period (LPG) and short period (FBG) Bragg grating sensor. Monitoring of such a process is usually made measuring simultaneously temperature and strain by the use of an electro-optical device (FBG-Thermocouple). It has been shown that an applied solicitation is measured by a wavelength shift with a different sensitivity for LPG and FBG; thus strain and temperature influences can be determined separately by measuring corresponding wavelength shifts. The reported configuration is based on the use of these two Bragg gratings types written in the same fibre section, which allows us to discriminate the contributions of the temperature and strain. The sensor is embedded in a composite specimen manufactured by LRI process for monitoring in real time and simultaneously the applied temperature and strain.

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Assessment of cure-residual strains through the thickness of carbon–epoxy laminates using FBGs Part II: Technological specimen

Cited by 49 publications

References 20 publications

Cure strain in thick CFRP laminate: optical-fiber-based distributed measurement and numerical simulation

Cure strain in thick CFRP laminate: optical-fiber-based distributed measurement and numerical simulation

Cure monitoring of carbon–epoxy composites by optical fiber-based distributed strain–temperature sensing system

Liquid Resin Infusion process monitoring with embedded superimposed long period and short period Bragg grating sensor.

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