Assessment of Commercial Building Lighting as a Frequency Regulation Resource

Abstract

This paper evaluates the potential for automated lighting control as a resource for frequency regulation of the electric grid system in the context of current energy policies, economic incentives, and technological trends. The growing prevalence of renewable energy has increased the need for ancillary services to maintain grid frequency and stability. While demand side resources like heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems, as well as water treatment plants are already evaluated as regulation service providers, the potential application to electrical lighting systems has largely been ignored. Yet, aggregations of lighting systems that are retrofitted with intelligent controls could conceivably contribute to frequency regulation services with little impact on user comfort. To further explore the feasibility of lighting potential, this paper explores (1) how lighting control systems are limited by visual comfort perception and acceptability, (2) how such limitations impact the performance of the lighting system as an frequency regulation resource, and (3) how the market potential of lighting systems as demand side resources compares in different regional transmission organizations. Finally, the impact of developing technologies on the application of lighting systems for frequency regulation is discussed.

Peak Shaving and Frequency Regulation Coordinated Output Optimization Based on Improving Economy of Energy Storage

“…However, this ignores that energy storage can also generate benefits by participating in frequency regulation services. The energy on the user side is used to participate in the frequency regulation service in the power market to obtain income [32][33][34][35][36]. They make the energy on the user side follow the frequency regulation signals in the PJM market for equivalent output, similar to energy storage.…”