Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia Using Trail Making Test: A Meta-Analysis

Laere, Erna; Tee, Shiau Foon; Tang, Pek Yee

doi:10.30773/pi.2018.07.22

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In the cognitive tests, the smaller reproduction scores of ROCFT after 3-min and 30-min (meta-analysis [23]) and smaller TMT scores in patients with schizophrenia (meta-analysis [24]) agreed with the results of the previous studies. In addition, these cognitive functions may not be improved by football habits.…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 88%

“…From the viewpoint of psychiatry, generally in patients with schizophrenia, visual cognitive and executive functioning were impaired (e.g., [23][24][25]), which may be critical in the 3-vs-1 task. However, it remains unknown what cognitive characteristics in patients with schizophrenia who have team sports habits are similar to or worse than those in a control group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we assessed their visual cognitive and executive functioning by employing cognitive tests described below. We secondly hypothesized that the patients will be impaired in these functionings according to the previous studies regarding schizophrenia in general (e.g., [23][24][25]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognition and interpersonal coordination of patients with schizophrenia who have sports habits

et al. 2020

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Team sports activities are effective for improving the negative symptoms and cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia. However, the interpersonal coordination during the sports and visual cognition of patients with schizophrenia who have team sports habits are unknown. The main objectives of this study were to test two hypotheses: first, patients with schizophrenia perform the skill requiring ball passing and receiving worse than healthy controls; and second, the patients will be impaired in these functionings in accordance with the previous studies regarding schizophrenia in general. Twelve patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy controls, who had habits in football, participated in this study. The participants performed three conventional cognitive tests and a 3-vs-1 ball possession task to evaluate their interpersonal coordination. The results showed that in the 3-vs-1 possession task, the displacement in the pass angle for the patients was significantly smaller than that for the control. The recall in the complex figure test, the performance in the trail making test, and that in the five-choice reaction task for the patients were worse than those for the control. Moreover, we found the significant partial correlations in the patients between the extradimensional shift error and the pass angle as well as between the time in the trail making test and the displacement in the pass angle, whereas there was no significant correlation in the control group. This study clarified the impaired interpersonal coordination during team sports and the visual cognition of patients with schizophrenia who have team sports habits.

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Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognition and interpersonal coordination of patients with schizophrenia who have sports habits

et al. 2020

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“…Recent reviews suggested a deficiency in cognitive flexibility across diagnostic categories ( 22 – 24 ), including schizophrenia ( 25 , 26 ), major depressive disorder ( 14 ), autistic spectrum disorders ( 27 , 28 ), and obsessive-compulsive disorder ( 29 ). Studies that examined cognitive flexibility between diagnostic groups had yielded mixed results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflexibility in Reasoning: Comparisons of Cognitive Flexibility, Explanatory Flexibility, and Belief Flexibility Between Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder

et al. 2021

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Introduction: Inflexibility in reasoning has been suggested to contribute to psychiatric disorders, such as explanatory flexibility in depression and belief flexibility in schizophrenia. However, studies tended to examine only one of the flexibility constructs, which could be related to each other, within a single group of patients. As enhancing flexibility in thinking has become one of the psychological treatment goals across disorders, this study aimed to examine three constructs of flexibility (cognitive flexibility, explanatory flexibility, and belief flexibility) in two psychiatric groups.Methods: We compared three groups of participants: (i) 56 outpatients with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and active delusions, (ii) 57 outpatients with major depressive disorder and at least a moderate level of depression, and (iii) 30 healthy controls. Participants were assessed on symptom severity and flexibility, using the Trail-Making Task, the Attributional Style Questionnaire, the Maudsley Assessment of Delusions Scale (MADS) and the Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) Task.Results: Cognitive flexibility was reduced in the two clinical groups compared to controls. Explanatory flexibility was comparable across groups. The three groups differed in belief flexibility measured by MADS but not by the BADE task. Response to hypothetical contradiction was reduced in the delusion group than the other two groups, and the ability to generate alternative explanations was reduced in the delusion group than healthy controls.Discussion: We found an effect of diagnosis on cognitive flexibility, which might be confounded by differences in intellectual functioning. Reduced belief flexibility tended to be specific to delusions.

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“…Even though their scores are comparable in most tested populations, CTT's lack of numbers and letters and use of colors for responses seems to place people from cultures which don't use the Latin alphabet, illiterate persons, or those experiencing language difficulties at an advantage (6). Initially, performance times in both parts of these tests were interpreted separately, with CTT 1 and TMT A considered to measure processing speed, while CTT 2 and TMT B to assess cognitive flexibility (8)(9)(10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color Trails Test: A New Set of Data on Cognitive Flexibility and Processing Speed in Schizophrenia

et al. 2020

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Background: Although schizophrenia patients have been reported to manifest deficits in cognitive flexibility and lower processing speed (measured with i.a., the Color Trails Test, CTT), there still remain a few matters that require further investigation. We have therefore formulated three research aims: 1) to examine the factor structure of CTT in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, 2) to compare different CTT performance measures in the two groups, 3) to investigate the relationship between these measures and selected psychopathological symptoms in the patient group. Methods: Sixty-seven patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 67 healthy controls, matched for gender, age, number of years of education, and overall cognitive functioning underwent assessment of cognitive flexibility and processing speed with the CTT. Results: Factor analysis of CTT variables based on the principal component method revealed a four-factor solution in both groups. Compared with healthy controls, the patients performed poorer on CTT 1 time, CTT 2 time, 2-1 difference, prompts in CTT 2, and had higher regression factor scores for Factor 1 (reflecting the slower speed of perceptual tracking). Furthermore, significant links were found between some CTT measures, and negative and disorganization symptoms. Conclusions: Schizophrenia patients exhibit problems with speed of perceptual tracking and executive processes dependent on processing speed. Our results may be useful for the development of neuropsychological diagnostic methods for schizophrenia patients. It seems that, compared to other CTT indices, CTT 1 time, CTT 2 time, and 2-1 difference are more appropriate measures of cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients.

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Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia Using Trail Making Test: A Meta-Analysis

Cited by 36 publications

References 58 publications

Cognition and interpersonal coordination of patients with schizophrenia who have sports habits

Cognition and interpersonal coordination of patients with schizophrenia who have sports habits

Inflexibility in Reasoning: Comparisons of Cognitive Flexibility, Explanatory Flexibility, and Belief Flexibility Between Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder

Color Trails Test: A New Set of Data on Cognitive Flexibility and Processing Speed in Schizophrenia

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