Assessment of carotenoid status and the relation to glycaemic control in type I diabetics: a follow-up study

Abstract

Objective: To assess the carotenoid status in young type I diabetic patients and its relationship to the glycaemic control of the disease. Design: A follow-up study. Setting: Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Health Area VI of Madrid (Spain). Subjects: Forty-seven type I diabetic patients, followed for 2.5 years. Interventions: Coinciding with physical examination and laboratory tests, serum levels of carotenoids were analysed by HPLC, and dietary intake of carotenoids was evaluated by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and 3-day prospective dietary records. Results: In type I diabetic patients, average intake, serum levels and correlations between diet and serum levels of carotenoids were comparable to those in reference non-diabetic groups. Between-subjects seasonal variations were observed for bcryptoxanthin intake and serum levels (higher in winter) and serum lycopene (higher in summer). Significant within-subjects seasonal changes were shown for dietary and serum b-cryptoxanthin and serum b-carotene. Serum carotenoids were unrelated to glycaemic control markers. Subjects with clinically acceptable glycaemic control showed lower lycopene intake than those with unacceptable control. Intake of carotenoids did not explain variance in insulin dose, fasting glycaemia, fructosamine or HbA 1c . With the exception of lycopene, serum carotenoids were predicted by dietary intake, but in no case by fasting glycaemia, HbA 1c or fructosamine. Conclusion: In type I diabetic patients, serum carotenoid concentrations and their variance are determined by dietary intake patterns, and are unrelated to the glycaemic control of the disease, as assessed by biochemical markers.

Markers of lutein and zeaxanthin status in two age groups of men and women: dietary intake, serum concentrations, lipid profile and macular pigment optical density

“…Serum lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations are similar to those reported in other groups of Spanish subjects [12] and somewhat lower than [4,10] or similar to [1,19,20] those of comparable age in several European and North American countries. Serum lutein concentrations in the present study, and in practically all those mentioned above, are much lower than the >34 μg/dL (0.6 μmol/L) that seem to be consistently associated with lower risk in epidemiological studies (including lower risk for age-related macular degeneration and cataracts) and higher MPOD [3].…”

“…The different intake levels found in the literature are largely attributable to the differences among databases for carotenoid composition in foods and the types of dietary questionnaires employed [12]. Regarding the aforementioned European study, the food composition data utilized are very similar to those used in this report [15] since, in both cases, much of the data resulted from HPLC analysis of Spanish foods; however, the European study was based on a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), whereas in the present study, 3-day food records were employed.…”

“…Lutein and zeaxanthin levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a system consisting of a model 600 pump, a Rheodyne injector and a 2998 photodiode array (PDA) detector (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) in accordance with standard procedures described elsewhere [12]. We used a Spheri-5 ODS 5 μm (220 mm × 4.6 mm) chromatographic column (Brownlee Labs, Applied Biosystem, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a guard column (Aquapore ODS type RP-18).…”

“…Carotenoid extraction was performed on serum samples using a slight modification of a previously published method [12]. Briefly, 200 μl of serum was added to 200 μl of ethanol, vortexed and extracted twice with 400 μl of hexane: dichloromethane (5:1) stabilized with 0.1 g/L butylated hydroxyltoluene.…”

Lutein bioavailability from lutein ester-fortified fermented milk: in vivo and in vitro study☆☆☆

“…The participants were asked to fill a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire at the end of the intervention period to check the compliance with these criteria. The questionnaire was specifically designed and tested to provide the frequency of consumption of the major dietary contributors to carotenoid intake (as the major determinant of carotenoid serum levels) over the previous 2 weeks of blood collection [25].…”