Assessment of C-phycocyanin effect on astrocytes-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative brain injury using 2D and 3D astrocyte tissue model

Abstract

Drugs are currently being developed to attenuate oxidative stress as a treatment for brain injuries. C-phycocyanin (C-Pc) is an antioxidant protein of green microalgae known to exert neuroprotective effects against oxidative brain injury. Astrocytes, which compose many portions of the brain, exert various functions to overcome oxidative stress; however, little is known about how C-Pc mediates the antioxidative effects of astrocytes. In this study, we revealed that C-Pc intranasal administration to the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats ensures neuroprotection of ischemic brain by reducing infarct size and improving behavioral deficits. C-Pc also enhanced viability and proliferation but attenuated apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of oxidized astrocytes, without cytotoxicity to normal astrocytes and neurons. To elucidate how C-Pc leads astrocytes to enhance neuroprotection and repair of ischemia brain, we firstly developed 3D oxidized astrocyte model. C-Pc had astrocytes upregulate antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and catalase and neurotrophic factors BDNF and NGF, while alleviating inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-1β and glial scar. Additionally, C-Pc improved viability of 3D oxidized neurons. In summary, C-Pc was concluded to activate oxidized astrocytes to protect and repair the ischemic brain with the combinatorial effects of improved antioxidative, neurotrophic, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Electroacupuncture Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion of Rat via Modulation of Apoptosis, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Excitotoxicity

“…GSH-Px, GSH, and SOD, indicators of the rate and extent of oxidative stress, could provide first line of protection from ischemic cerebral injury [ 48 ]. EA induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia through reducing oxidative stress, which may provide new mechanisms [ 49 , 50 ].…”

EPA is More Effective than DHA to Improve Depression-Like Behavior, Glia Cell Dysfunction and Hippcampal Apoptosis Signaling in a Chronic Stress-Induced Rat Model of Depression

“…Among all neurotrophic factors, BDNF is the best-studied in depression, which exerts its effects through two specific receptors, tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk)B and p75. The activation of TrkB facilitates neuronal survival, differentiation and synaptogenesis [13,14], whereas p75 triggers apoptosis [15,16]. Therefore, anti-inflammatory/modulating neurotrophins may provide new strategy for the future prevention and treatment in depression.…”

Assessment of Neuronal Cell-Based Cytotoxicity of Neurotoxins from an Estuarine Nemertean in the Han River Estuary

“…Astrocytes were isolated from rat brains by primary cell culture. Sprague-Dawley rats (1 day old) were used as the experimental animals based on the previous study [20]. Briefly, brain meninges and hippocampuses were removed from the cortical part of the rat brain, after which the cortical brain was pulverized using a Pasteur pipette.…”

“…In a previous study, 5,11-dideoxy TTX was reported to be isolated with standard TTX from puffer fish [18]. It was also reported that TTX derivatives were toxic in an in vivo animal study, although with less toxicity than standard TTX [20]. Acetonitrile and water were used as the mobile phases.…”