Assessment of BTEX exposure and carcinogenic risks for mail carriers in Tehran, Iran

Ghaderpoury, Afshin; Hadei, Mostafa; Hopke, Philip K.; Rastkari, Noushin; Kermani, Majid; Shahsavani, Abbas

doi:10.1007/s11869-021-01027-5

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 26 publications

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“…Recent local research on BTEX presented valuable information regarding some of the point and non-point sources causing the heightened levels of these pollutants (Dehghani et al 2017 ; Golkhorshidi et al 2019 ; Ghaderpoury et al 2021 ), while questions still remain unanswered about their significance. Hence the long-term temporal study of ambient BTEX pollution, especially during the pandemic period may provide worthy clues as it unveils possible sources involved in the dispersion of these contaminants during the temporary absence of heavy traffic congestion with respect to the traffic restriction laws enacted during this epoch.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal variations, photochemical characteristics, health risk assessment and mid pandemic changes of ambient BTEX in a west Asian metropolis

Dehhaghi

Hasankhani

Taheri

2023

Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess

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This study examined the concentration of BTEX in Tehran from 2018 to 2020 in five monitoring stations with different backgrounds, which has been accomplished using the combination of passive sampling and GC-FID method. The total concentration of BTEX was estimated to be 65.39 (µg/m 3 ), with a higher average concentration in 2019–2020 (77.79 µg/m 3 ) compared to 2018–2019 (53.48 µg/m 3 ) due to the leaping concentration of Toluene in the pandemic era. Despite a Benzene concentration decline in recent years, the average annual concentration of Benzene (5.66 µg/m 3 ) at five stations remained higher than the EU commission and India standards (5 µg/m 3 ) as well as Japan and Iraq thresholds (3 µg/m 3 ). Toluene dominated other species in terms of concentrations, mass distribution (~0.6%), followed by m,p–Xylene (~0.2%), Benzene (~0.05–0.1) and Ethylbenzene (< 0.05). The evidence regarding seasonal changes of BTEX in 2019 shows the maximum concentration of these compounds in autumn, which is probably due to heavier traffic compared to other seasons. In contrast, in the first half of 2020 (which encompasses the start of the pandemic period and urban lockdown), point sources seem to play a prominent role in concentration fluctuations, as confirmed by changes in interspecies relationships and lower traffic congestion. The highest mean concentrations were observed in high-traffic, residential and suburban sites, respectively. The study reveals that m,p-Xylene possess the highest Ozone formation potential (~109.46), followed by Toluene (~85.34), o-Xylene (~46.87), Ethylbenzene (~13.52) and Benzene (~2.61). Health risk assessment results indicated the high carcinogenic risk of Benzene (mean = 3.6 × 10 –6 ) and the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk of BTEX (hazard index~0.03 < specified limit of 1). Finally, the estimated weighted exposures of BTEX emphasized that residents near the high-traffic districts are more exposed to BTEX. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00477-023-02476-3.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal variations, photochemical characteristics, health risk assessment and mid pandemic changes of ambient BTEX in a west Asian metropolis

Dehhaghi

Hasankhani

Taheri

2023

Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess

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Atmospheric levels, multivariate statistical study, and health risk assessment of odorous compounds (H2S and NH3) in areas near polluted urban rivers in the city of Salvador, in Northeastern Brazil

Cruz

Alves

Rocha

et al. 2021

Air Qual Atmos Health

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Biomarkers of occupational benzene exposure: A Systematic Review to estimate the exposure levels and individual susceptibility at low doses

Zhang,

Shi,

et al. 2024

Toxicol Ind Health

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Benzene is associated with diverse occupational and public health hazards. It exhibits an ability to rapidly permeate the skin and contaminate water and food sources, leading to dermal and ingestion exposures. Despite numerous studies examining the associations between benzene and various indicators of harm, the findings have yielded inconsistent results. Furthermore, relying solely on air concentration as a measure of benzene exposure is limited, as it fails to account for internal exposure dose and individual susceptibility. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review in order to present current knowledge on benzene biomarkers and their significance in evaluating exposure levels and associated health hazards. The search methodology adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and involved the application of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria across multiple databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Two researchers independently extracted and evaluated the relevant data based on predetermined criteria. Following the screening process, a total of 80 articles were considered eligible out of the initially retrieved 1053 articles after undergoing screening and assessment for inclusion. As the level of exposure decreased, specific biomarkers demonstrated a gradual increase in limitations, including heightened background concentrations and vulnerability to confounding factors. The advancement of sampling and analysis techniques will yield new biomarkers. Additionally, when conducting practical work, it is crucial to employ a comprehensive utilization of diverse biomarkers while excluding individual metabolic variations and combined exposure factors.

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Assessment of BTEX exposure and carcinogenic risks for mail carriers in Tehran, Iran

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

Spatiotemporal variations, photochemical characteristics, health risk assessment and mid pandemic changes of ambient BTEX in a west Asian metropolis

Spatiotemporal variations, photochemical characteristics, health risk assessment and mid pandemic changes of ambient BTEX in a west Asian metropolis

Atmospheric levels, multivariate statistical study, and health risk assessment of odorous compounds (H2S and NH3) in areas near polluted urban rivers in the city of Salvador, in Northeastern Brazil

Biomarkers of occupational benzene exposure: A Systematic Review to estimate the exposure levels and individual susceptibility at low doses

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