Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are frequently used to repair bone defects. Since their
discovery in the 1980s, extensive research has been conducted to improve their properties,
and emerging evidence supports their increased application in bone tissue engineering.
Much effort has been made to enhance the biological performance of CPCs, including their
biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, biodegradability, bioactivity, and
interactions with cells. This review article focuses on the major recent developments in
CPCs, including 3D printing, injectability, stem cell delivery, growth factor and drug
delivery, and pre-vascularization of CPC scaffolds via co-culture and tri-culture
techniques to enhance angiogenesis and osteogenesis.