Assessment of Biodegradable Diverter for Acid Fracturing of Highly Fractured Formations

Abstract

Many application and operational methods have been developed for applying carbonate matrix acidizing to successfully stimulate heterogeneous and long horizontal openhole zones. These methods have also been implemented during acid fracturing to various degrees of success. This paper discusses in detail the laboratory assessment of a biodegradable material for acid diversion in highly fractured formations. Diversion in fracture acidizing is extremely challenging because of the high pumping rate, extreme pressures, and larger volumes of acid compared to matrix acidizing. To effectively stimulate natural or pre-existing fractured formations, the diverting agent should be able to bridge not only at the perforations, but inside the fracture system, too. Historically, several methods have been implemented for acid-fracturing diversion, such as ball sealers, viscous fluids, packers, etc., resulting in limited success in formations with natural or pre-existing fractures. This paper discusses the use of an acid diverter that consists of biodegradable particles with different sizes and hardness. The particle size ratios are specifically designed where large particles will bridge in the fractures while the smaller particles "nest" in the pore throat of the bridged larger particles. This leads to quick, efficient blockage of fractures and acid diversion. The laboratory assessment of this biodegradable material was conducted at various temperatures up to 300°F and consists of (1) degradation in 3% KCl, live 15 wt% HCl, and spent 15% HCl, and (2) fluid loss using slotted disks at different diverter concentrations. The fractures were mimicked in the laboratory using a stainless steel slotted disk in a high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) cell. The dissolution rate of the particles was observed to be a function of time and temperature. The dissolution rate of the diverter was higher in water as compared to 15 wt% HCl acid. The stability of the biodegradable diverter was conducted at 300°F. The filter cake was stable up to 30 minutes when 1.0 ppt of the biodegradable diverter was used. The results of this study indicate that the biodegradable diversion material can be used as an effective alternative diversion method to seal natural or pre-existing fractures.