Assessment of biocompatibility of 3D printed photopolymers using zebrafish embryo toxicity assays

Macdonald, Niall P.; Zhu, Feng; Hall, Cathy W.; Reboud, Julien; Crosier, Philip S.; Patton, E Elizabeth; Wlodkowic, Donald; Cooper, Jonathan M.

doi:10.1039/c5lc01374g

Cited by 145 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…These approaches promote levels of cell differentiation and polarization that are not readily achieved by normal 2-D cultures. Nowadays, 3-D printing offers a fast prototyping process technology, such that researchers can design and print devices in a short period of time 69. Combined with microfluidics, these techniques can lead to rapid creation and refinement of organs-on-a-chip to study human and animal organ-specific physiology and may, thereby, offer better in vitro organ models for research into aspects of physiology, disease and toxicology 43…”

Section: Approaches To Study Oviduct Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing 3-Dimensional In Vitro Oviduct Culture Systems to Study Mammalian Fertilization and Embryo Production

et al. 2016

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The oviduct was long considered a largely passive conduit for gametes and embryos. However, an increasing number of studies into oviduct physiology have demonstrated that it specifically and significantly influences gamete interaction, fertilization and early embryo development. While oviduct epithelial cell (OEC) function has been examined during maintenance in conventional tissue culture dishes, cells seeded into these two-dimensional (2-D) conditions suffer a rapid loss of differentiated OEC characteristics, such as ciliation and secretory activity. Recently, three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture systems have been developed that make use of cell inserts to create basolateral and apical medium compartments with a confluent epithelial cell layer at the interface. Using such 3-D culture systems, OECs can be triggered to redevelop typical differentiated cell properties and levels of tissue organization can be developed that are not possible in a 2-D culture. 3-D culture systems can be further refined using new micro-engineering techniques (including microfluidics and 3-D printing) which can be used to produce ‘organs-on-chips’, i.e. live 3-D cultures that bio-mimic the oviduct. In this review, concepts for designing bio-mimic 3-D oviduct cultures are presented. The increased possibilities and concomitant challenges when trying to more closely investigate oviduct physiology, gamete activation, fertilization and embryo production are discussed.

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Section: Approaches To Study Oviduct Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing 3-Dimensional In Vitro Oviduct Culture Systems to Study Mammalian Fertilization and Embryo Production

et al. 2016

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“…Moreover, a recent systematic investigation has shown that many of the popular 3D-printing resins (including Visijet Crystal or WaterShed) release toxic leachates that inhibit growth of cells from different vertebrate and invertebrate indicator organisms 19 . Zebrafish embryos cultured on these resins showed developmental defects 20 . Finding out which components of commercial resins are responsible for the cytotoxicity and the transparency loss is very difficult because the resins have a proprietary formulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D-printing of transparent bio-microfluidic devices in PEG-DA

et al. 2016

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The vast majority of microfluidic systems are molded in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) by soft lithography due to the favorable properties of PDMS: biocompatible, elastomeric, transparent, gas-permeable, inexpensive, and copyright-free. However, PDMS molding involves tedious manual labor, which makes PDMS devices prone to assembly failures and difficult to disseminate to research and clinical settings. Furthermore, the fabrication procedures limit the 3D complexity of the devices to layered designs. Stereolithography (SL), a form of 3D-printing, has recently attracted attention as a way to customize the fabrication of biomedical devices due to its automated, assembly-free 3D fabrication, rapidly decreasing costs, and fast-improving resolution and throughput. However, existing SL resins are not biocompatible and patterning transparent resins at high resolution remains difficult. Here we report procedures for the preparation and patterning of a transparent resin based on low-MW poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (MW 250) (PEG-DA-250). The 3D-printed devices are highly transparent and cells can be cultured on PEG-DA-250 prints for several days. This biocompatible SL resin and printing process solves some of the main drawbacks of 3D-printed microfluidic devices: biocompatibility and transparency. In addition, it should also enable the production of non-microfluidic biomedical devices.

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“…Therefore, in principle 3D printers also could pose a health risk, especially if they are used for personal purposes in the absence of professional protection measures. This is underlined by data showing the toxicity of 3D printed parts in sensitive biological testing systems . As it is well recognized that cell culture and animal experiments are of limited relevance to assess the health risk for human subjects, despite efforts to adapt them to real exposures, exposure experiments in human subjects are indispensable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute health effects of desktop 3D printing (fused deposition modeling) using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid materials: An experimental exposure study in human volunteers

et al. 2018

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3D printers are increasingly run at home. Nanoparticle emissions from those printers have been reported, which raises the question whether adverse health effects from ultrafine particles (UFP) can be elicited by 3D printers. We exposed 26 healthy adults in a single-blinded, randomized, cross-over design to emissions of a desktop 3D printer using fused deposition modeling (FDM) for 1 hour (high UFP-emitting acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ABS] vs low-emitting polylactic acid [PLA]). Before and after exposures, cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ) and ECP in nasal secretions, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), urinary 8-isoprostaglandin F (8-iso PGF ), and self-reported symptoms were assessed. The exposures had no significant differential effect on 8-iso PGF and nasal biomarkers. However, there was a difference (P < .05) in the time course of FeNO, with higher levels after ABS exposure. Moreover, indisposition and odor nuisance were increased for ABS exposure. These data suggest that 1 hour of exposure to 3D printer emissions had no acute effect on inflammatory markers in nasal secretions and urine. The slight relative increase in FeNO after ABS printing compared to PLA might be due to eosinophilic inflammation from inhaled UFP particles. This possibility should be investigated in further studies using additional biomarkers and longer observation periods.

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Assessment of biocompatibility of 3D printed photopolymers using zebrafish embryo toxicity assays

Abstract: 3D printing enables the rapid and cost-efficient manufacturing of bespoke, complex prototypes. We show that biocompatibility needs to be considered carefully and provide a specific assay to that effect.

Cited by 145 publications

References 45 publications

Designing 3-Dimensional In Vitro Oviduct Culture Systems to Study Mammalian Fertilization and Embryo Production

Designing 3-Dimensional In Vitro Oviduct Culture Systems to Study Mammalian Fertilization and Embryo Production

3D-printing of transparent bio-microfluidic devices in PEG-DA

Acute health effects of desktop 3D printing (fused deposition modeling) using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid materials: An experimental exposure study in human volunteers

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