Assessment of benthic macroinvertebrate response to anthropogenic and natural disturbances in the Kodungallur-Azhikode estuary, southwest coast of India
“…However, Dong et al (2023) noted that employing any of the three heavy metal indices presented challenges when accurately assessing heavy metal contamination in Laoshan Bay [17]. The calculation methods and principles of these three indices differ [63], which leads to variations in their correlations and the consistency of evaluation results across different regions. For example, the Pn index considers the highest ratio of heavy metal content in sediments against geochemical background values.…”
With the rapid development of the South Korean economy, human activities have extensively affected Korea’s coastal environment. A precise ecological quality assessment remains paramount despite the relatively lower impact of human activities on the East Sea compared to the West and South Seas of South Korea. Accurate ecological quality assessments can provide valuable marine environmental protection and management references. In our study, we employed seven indices based on heavy metals and macrobenthos to comprehensively assess ecological quality. Our results indicated the final ecological quality in the central East Sea of South Korea was acceptable at most stations; however, the ecological quality in winter marginally falls short compared to that in spring. The concentration of heavy metals emerges as a significant determinant of the final ecological quality, underscoring the need for subsequent studies to investigate the origins of heavy metals in the central East Sea of South Korea and the influence of anthropogenic activities on heavy metal concentrations. Furthermore, employing a single biotic index proves challenging for accurately assessing ecological quality in the East Sea of South Korea.
“…However, Dong et al (2023) noted that employing any of the three heavy metal indices presented challenges when accurately assessing heavy metal contamination in Laoshan Bay [17]. The calculation methods and principles of these three indices differ [63], which leads to variations in their correlations and the consistency of evaluation results across different regions. For example, the Pn index considers the highest ratio of heavy metal content in sediments against geochemical background values.…”
With the rapid development of the South Korean economy, human activities have extensively affected Korea’s coastal environment. A precise ecological quality assessment remains paramount despite the relatively lower impact of human activities on the East Sea compared to the West and South Seas of South Korea. Accurate ecological quality assessments can provide valuable marine environmental protection and management references. In our study, we employed seven indices based on heavy metals and macrobenthos to comprehensively assess ecological quality. Our results indicated the final ecological quality in the central East Sea of South Korea was acceptable at most stations; however, the ecological quality in winter marginally falls short compared to that in spring. The concentration of heavy metals emerges as a significant determinant of the final ecological quality, underscoring the need for subsequent studies to investigate the origins of heavy metals in the central East Sea of South Korea and the influence of anthropogenic activities on heavy metal concentrations. Furthermore, employing a single biotic index proves challenging for accurately assessing ecological quality in the East Sea of South Korea.
“…Recognising their potential, marine scientists have formulated several benthic indices centred on macrobenthic organisms. Notably, indices like the AZTI Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) [25], BENTIX benthic index [26], the Benthic Opportunistic Polychaetes Amphipods Index (BOPA) [27], and the Multivariate AZTI Marine Biotic Index (M-AMBI) [28] have gained global acceptance [29][30][31][32]. These indices categorise macrobenthos communities into distinct ecological groups based on pollution tolerance.…”
During economic growth, anthropogenic activities have exerted detrimental impacts on the tidal flat ecosystems in South Korea. Although scholars have conducted extensive research on the ecological quality of tidal flats in South Korea, most have primarily focused on benthic indices. Hence, we utilised two heavy metal indices and five benthic indices to assess the ecological quality in the tidal flats comprehensively. In our study, although heavy metals and total organic carbon concentrations were low in Garolim Bay, the final ecological quality at most stations was unacceptable (63%). The Benthic Opportunistic Polychaetes Amphipods Index (BOPA) demonstrated commendable outcomes in correlation and kappa analyses. However, the BOPA still had some limits. We believe that using multiple indices to assess the ecological quality in the tidal flats of Garolim Bay is more robust than using a single index.
“…the benthic ecosystems. They are also considered excellent bioindicators of rapid environmental changes in the marine environment (Giere, 1993;Jayachandran et al, 2020;Mirto & Danovaro, 2004).…”
The interest of benthologists in meiofaunal organisms begin in the early 1980s (Giere, 2009). Meiofauna groups are characterized by tiny size with short generation time and continuous reproduction (Higgins & Thiel, 1988;Ingole et al., 2000). As they are very difficult to isolate from the sediment due to their small size, the lack of taxonomic materials for identification leads to neglecting this important invertebrate group from previous benthic studies
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