Assessment of air pollution at the indoor environment of a shooting range using lichens as biomonitors

Sujetovienė, Gintarė; Česynaitė, Jūratė

doi:10.1080/15287394.2020.1862006

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Given the poor performance of the ventilation system, these findings of lead contamination are not unexpected and there have been several studies conducted around the world where elevated lead levels have been detected not only in the air or on surfaces but also in the blood of recreational shooters and people employed in indoor shooting ranges. This is clearly an on-going problem globally [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hazards associated with indoor firing ranges are well-documented, with shooters potentially exposed to hazardous levels of lead due to insufficient ventilation, poor housekeeping practices and other issues [ 13 ]. Airborne particulate levels at shooting ranges have been found to be 100–1000 times higher than background concentrations whilst shooting is taking place [ 14 ]. A significant portion of the released particulate is known to be heavy metals, predominantly lead, which presents a significant inhalation risk [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Airborne particulate levels at shooting ranges have been found to be 100–1000 times higher than background concentrations whilst shooting is taking place [ 14 ]. A significant portion of the released particulate is known to be heavy metals, predominantly lead, which presents a significant inhalation risk [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Effectiveness of Ventilation Controls in Managing Airborne and Surface Lead Levels at a Newly Commissioned Indoor Shooting Range

Alcock

Wajrak

Oosthuizen

2022

IJERPH

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Lead levels at a new indoor target shooting range were assessed using both personal and environmental air monitoring methods. Surface swabs were collected from representative locations throughout the range prior to, and at the conclusion of, shooting. Personal samples were compared against the current Australian Workplace Exposure Standards with all results exceeding statutory limits. Static environmental samples exceeded the Air National Environmental Protection Measures (NEPM) air quality standard. Surface swabs showed significant increases from pre- to post-shooting with levels exceeding recommended limits. The performance of the mechanical ventilation system was also assessed and airflow levels were below the required rate at all test locations when compared against the values recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Users of the indoor shooting range are at risk of potential exposure to hazardous levels of lead. It was recommended the ventilation system be reviewed by a suitably qualified ventilation engineer to ensure it is operating within the required parameters and able to transport generated lead contaminant away from the shooters breathing zone. A thorough cleaning regime should be implemented by the club to minimise surface lead loadings throughout the facility.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Effectiveness of Ventilation Controls in Managing Airborne and Surface Lead Levels at a Newly Commissioned Indoor Shooting Range

Alcock

Wajrak

Oosthuizen

2022

IJERPH

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“…Some current studies are extending the uses of lichens as biomonitors in indoors environments (i.e., a shooting range) for assessing the accumulation of heavy metals, including cadmium, copper, iron, manganese and nickel, among others, and therefore for studying health consequences [ 51 , 52 ].…”

Section: Ecological and Environmental Interest Of Cetraria ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Genus Cetraria s. str.—A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacology

et al. 2022

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The genus Cetraria s. str. (Parmeliaceae family, Cetrarioid clade) consists of 15 species of mostly erect brown or greenish yellow fruticose or subfoliose thallus. These Cetraria species have a cosmopolitan distribution, being primarily located in the Northern Hemisphere, in North America and in the Eurasia area. Phytochemical analysis has demonstrated the presence of dibenzofuran derivatives (usnic acid), depsidones (fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acids) and fatty acids (lichesterinic and protolichesterinic acids). The species of Cetraria, and more particularly Cetraria islandica, has been widely employed in folk medicine for the treatment of digestive and respiratory diseases as decoctions, tinctures, aqueous extract, and infusions. Moreover, Cetraria islandica has had an important nutritional and cosmetic value. These traditional uses have been validated in in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies. Additionally, new therapeutic activities are being investigated, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic. Among all Cetraria species, the most investigated by far has been Cetraria islandica, followed by Cetraria pinastri and Cetraria aculeata. The aim of the current review is to update all the knowledge about the genus Cetraria covering aspects that include taxonomy and phylogeny, morphology and distribution, ecological and environmental interest, phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacological properties.

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“…Moreover, CO, NO 2 , and PM were the IAQ parameters primarily measured in these indoor environments. On the other hand, the literature on the level and composition of emissions from firing ranges as indoor sport and recreational activity is scarce except for a few studies [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Shooting at firing ranges has become very popular among people as a recreational activity in many countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating ambient air quality of a shooting range during official national competitions

Aslanoğlu

Öztürk

Güllü

2022

Environmental Research and Technology

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Shooting is among nine sports branches that formed the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. A professional shooting athlete shoots millions of bullets throughout their sports life to commune with their gun dedicatedly. The number of simultaneous shots per unit time depends on the capacity of the range. It can enormously increase when a national match is a case. Shooting can cause gunshot residue exposure, including lead, other elements, and their by-products accumulate in ambient air and reveal significant health risks. This study aims to find the levels of PM 10 and its chemical composition during official three-day 50 m 22-cal competitions in May 2016, Mersin, Turkey. To this end, PM 10 samples were collected on quartz-fiber filters and analyzed for elements by ICP-MS and carbonaceous material by Thermal-Optical EC/OC analyzer. The total PM 10 mass concentration average is 28.7±7.3 µg/m 3 within the indoor threshold values of different countries. The ambient mass concentrations of PM 10 , OC, EC, TC, Cd, and Pb were higher during once pistol matches instead of rifle matches. Although Pb values did not exceed the indoor limits for shooting ranges, it has the highest concentration among the analyzed elements. Additionally, Cr poses cancer risk potential. Except for Zn, Sr, and Cu, all the measured parameters have higher calculated emission factor (EF) values during pistol shots. To our best knowledge, this study reports the airborne mass concentrations of EC, OC, and TC from indoor shooting ranges and investigates indoor air quality for shooting sport for the first time.

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Assessment of air pollution at the indoor environment of a shooting range using lichens as biomonitors

Cited by 18 publications

References 34 publications

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Ventilation Controls in Managing Airborne and Surface Lead Levels at a Newly Commissioned Indoor Shooting Range

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Ventilation Controls in Managing Airborne and Surface Lead Levels at a Newly Commissioned Indoor Shooting Range

The Genus Cetraria s. str.—A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacology

Investigating ambient air quality of a shooting range during official national competitions

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