Assessment of Aerosol Mixtures of Different Viruses

Mayhew, Charles J.; Hahon, Nicholas

doi:10.1128/aem.20.3.313-316.1970

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Such viruses include, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEEV) (1AE3-2AE99% min )1 ), influenza A virus (1AE9% min )1 ) and vaccinia virus (0AE34% min )1 ) (Harper 1961). Other quoted decay rates recorded for viruses at a similar relative humidity (50%) and temperature (20-25°C) as was used in this study include Japanese encephalitis virus (3AE3% min )1 ) (Larson et al 1980) and yellow fever virus (7AE04% min )1 ) (Mayhew and Hahon 1970).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The survival of filoviruses in liquids, on solid substrates and in a dynamic aerosol

Piercy

Smither

Steward

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

127

185

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Aims: Filoviruses are associated with high morbidity and lethality rates in humans, are capable of human‐to‐human transmission, via infected material such as blood, and are believed to have low infectious doses for humans. Filoviruses are able to infect via the respiratory route and are lethal at very low doses in experimental animal models, but there is minimal information on how well the filoviruses survive within aerosol particles. There is also little known about how well filoviruses survive in liquids or on solid surfaces which is important in management of patients or samples that have been exposed to filoviruses. Methods and Results: Filoviruses were tested for their ability to survive in different liquids and on different solid substrates at different temperatures. The decay rates of filoviruses in a dynamic aerosol were also determined. Conclusions: Our study has shown that Lake Victoria marburgvirus (MARV) and Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) can survive for long periods in different liquid media and can also be recovered from plastic and glass surfaces at low temperatures for over 3 weeks. The decay rates of ZEBOV and Reston ebolavirus (REBOV) plus MARV within a dynamic aerosol were calculated. ZEBOV and MARV had similar decay rates, whilst REBOV showed significantly better survival within an aerosol. Significance and Impact of the Study: Data on the survival of two ebolaviruses are presented for the first time. Extended data on the survival of MARV are presented. Data from this study extend the knowledge on the survival of filoviruses under different conditions and provide a basis with which to inform risk assessments and manage exposure to filoviruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Other quoted decay rates recorded for viruses at a similar relative humidity (50%) and temperature (20–25°C) as was used in this study include Japanese encephalitis virus (3·3% min −1 ) (Larson et al. 1980) and yellow fever virus (7·04% min −1 ) (Mayhew and Hahon 1970).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The survival of filoviruses in liquids, on solid substrates and in a dynamic aerosol

Piercy

Smither

Steward

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

127

185

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“…Lipoviruses generally are more stable in a relatively dry atmosphere (< 40% RH), whereas lipid-free viruses are more stable in air at a high relative humidity ( > 60%) [Benbough, 1969;Winkler, 1964, 1968;Harper, 1961;Hemmes et al, 1960;Larson et al, 1973;Loosli, 1943;Miller and Artenstein, 1967;Shechmeister, 1950;Songer, 19671. The enhanced survival at 30 % RH for Lassa virus is similar to the aerosol stability of several other lipid-containing RNA viruses, including influenza, measles, Newcastle disease, paramyxo-3, vesicular stomatitis, Semliki Forest, and Japanese B encephalitis viruses [Benbough, 1969;de Jong and WinMer, 1964;Harper, 1961;Hemmes et al, 1960;Larson et al, 1973;Loosli et al, 1943;Miller and Artenstein, 1967;Shechmeister, 1950;Songer, 19671. Exceptions among the RNA lipoviruses have been limited to two togaviruses, Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus and yellow fever virus, which exhibited minimal deviation in aerosol survival characteristics in response to variations in relative humidity [Mayhew and Hahon, 1970;Mayhew et al, 1968;Miller et al, 1963;Biological Defense Laboratories, unpublished data]. It appears, therefore, that the stability of most viruses in aerosol is directly associated with the presence or absence of lipids in the virion, the temperature, and the relative humidity of the atmosphere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of environmental factors on aerosol‐induced lassa virus infection

Stephenson

Larson

Dominik

1984

Journal of Medical Virology

151

102

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Previous studies suggested that the most frequent means of transmission of Lassa virus was by either direct or indirect contact with infectious material. Aerosol stability and respiratory infectivity of the Josiah strain of Lassa virus were assessed to determine the effect of environmental factors on aerosol-induced infection. The stability of the virus in aerosol, particularly at low relative humidity (30% RH), plus the ability of the virus to infect guinea pigs and monkeys via the respiratory route emphasize the potential for aerosol transmission of Lassa virus. Biological half-lives at both 24 and 32 degrees C ranged from 10.1 to 54.6 min, and were sufficient for aerosol dispersion of virus to considerable distances in natural situations. Infectivity of Lassa virus in small particle aerosol was demonstrated in outbred guinea pigs and cynomolgus monkeys using dynamic aerosol equipment. Monkeys exposed to inhaled doses to 465 PFU were infected and died. The median infectious dose (ID50) for guinea pigs was 15 PFU, yet a definitive median lethal aerosol dose (LD50) could not be established. Organ tropism of aerosol-induced Lassa virus infections in outbred guinea pigs was similar to that previously reported for inbred guinea pigs infected by subcutaneous inoculation.

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“…The great majority of the loss in variola virus viability was already present when first measured 5 min into the study. Thereafter, there was but modest further decline over the remaining 60-min length of the study [39]. The virus may therefore persist at a relatively stable level of viability for hours.…”

Section: Smallpox As a Biological Weaponmentioning

confidence: 94%

Rethinking Smallpox

Weiss¹,

Weiss²,

Mathisen³

et al. 2004

CLIN INFECT DIS

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The potential consequences of a competently executed smallpox attack have not been adequately considered by policy makers. The possibility of release of an aerosolized and/or bioengineered virus must be anticipated and planned for. The transmission and infectivity of variola virus are examined. Arguments for and against pre-event vaccination are offered. The likely morbidity and mortality that would ensue from implementation of a mass pre-event vaccination program, within reasonable boundaries, are known. The extent of contagion that could result from an aerosolized release of virus is unknown and may have been underestimated. Pre-event vaccination of first responders is urged, and voluntary vaccination programs should be offered to the public. Two defenses against a vaccine-resistant, engineered variola virus are proposed for consideration. Methisazone, an overlooked drug, is reported to be effective for prophylaxis only. The extent of reduction in the incidence of smallpox with use of this agent is uncertain. It is useless for treatment of clinical smallpox. N-100 respirators (face masks) worn by uninfected members of the public may prevent transmission of the virus.

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Assessment of Aerosol Mixtures of Different Viruses

Cited by 10 publications

References 7 publications

The survival of filoviruses in liquids, on solid substrates and in a dynamic aerosol

The survival of filoviruses in liquids, on solid substrates and in a dynamic aerosol

Effect of environmental factors on aerosol‐induced lassa virus infection

Rethinking Smallpox

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