Assessment and Restoration of an Earthquake-Damaged Historical Masonry Building

Abstract

This paper presents an assessment of the capacity and enhancement of the seismic performance of a historical masonry structure in Plomari, a town on the south coast of Lesbos island in Greece. Owing to uncertainties regarding the properties of the material and the effectiveness of the members in providing lateral resistance, the study was particularly challenging. In addition, the fact that the structure consisted of a variety of structural element types, e.g., unreinforced masonry from natural stones, timber-framed masonry (with burned clay masonry units), and timber girders, while lacking horizontal diaphragms, introduced complexities to the response of the structure in both directions. In the design of the retrofit, the need to preserve the building's architectural and historical value by minimizing interventions posed several problems. To solve them, conventional as well as state-of-the-art strengthening methods are proposed. Moreover, the procedures of these methods are in accordance with the Greek seismic design code of 1959 and European standards (Eurocodes) related to earthquake-resistant masonry as well as guidelines for the design of timber and reinforced concrete. Seismic analyses of the structure were carried out with two different methods (statically applied load and time history analysis) for comparison. The results verify the improvement in its behavior in response to earthquakes as a result of the proposed strengthening methods.

Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids

“…Most of the typical land failure effects were as extensive as soil liquefaction [24]. Giza Governorate was exposed to liquids during the 12 October earthquake [25].…”

Application of steel in refurbishment of earthquake-prone buildings

“…For example, dynamic structural parameters collected in this way provide a basis for evaluation of the numerical structural model accuracy and for determination of uncertain structural parameters, such as the modulus of elasticity and soil characteristics. Details of these procedures can be found in relevant standard [8], and in specific examples from literature [14][15][16][17]. Test procedures, inspection lists, and other data collected for this purpose, must be documented and referred to in the retrofitting design documentation [8].…”

Comparison Regarding the Carbon Footprint of Various Sustainable Seismic Consolidation Solutions for Romanian Orthodox Churches

“…Fibre-reinforced mortar (FRM) systems, such as the FRCM technique, incorporate fibre-based meshes embedded in a cement or lime mortar coating, which can provide improved structural stability and energy efficiency [19]. Seismic activity can significantly affect historic buildings because they are not designed to withstand seismic events and can cause significant structural damage, including cracks, displacements, and even complete collapse [20][21][22][23]. In urban areas, seismic activity can exacerbate existing environmental issues, such as soil liquefaction, which can make post-earthquake recovery more difficult.…”