Assessment and Modeling of Household-Scale Solar Water Heater Application in Zambia: Technical, Environmental, and Energy Analysis

Abstract

Solar water heaters (SWHs) are one of the most effective plans for general and easy use of solar energy to supply hot water in domestic and industrial sectors. This paper gives the first-ever attempts to assess the optimal localization of SWHs across 22 major cities in Zambia, as well as determine the possibility of hot water generation and model the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission saving. The climate data used is extracted by using the MeteoSyn software which is modeled in TSOL™. Results show the high potential of GHG emission reduction due to nonconsumption of fossil fuels owing to the deployment of SWHs, and three cities Kabwe, Chipata, and Mbala had the highest GHG mitigation by 1552.97 kg/y, 1394.8 kg/y, and 1321.39 kg/y, respectively. On average, SWHs provide 62.47% of space heating and 96.05% of the sanitary hot water requirement of consumers. The findings have shown the potential for the deployment of SWHs in Zambia. The techno-enviro study in this paper can be used by the policymakers of Zambia and countries with similar climates.

One-year Dynamic Study of the Use of Solar Water Heater for Domestic Consumption in Egypt: An Energy Assessment

“…), this program has made simulation and calculations for such systems much easier [29]. Using this program, less time and money will be spent on the optimal design of solar heating systems, temperature simulation, and energy performance assessment [30]. Calculations in TSOL 2018 R(1) software are performed based on energy flow balance and final demand-supply using meteorological hourly data [31].…”

Effects of Different Target Solar Fractions on Providing Heat Required for Space Heating, Sanitary Hot Water, and Swimming Pool in Iran: A Case Study in Cold Climate

“…For one-year dynamic simulation, TSOL 2018 commercial software has been used, which has the ability to supply the required space heat, sanitary water consumption, and swimming pool by SWHs [46]. Design, optimization, and accurate calculation are other features of the software [47].…”

“…e aim is to supply 110 liters of sanitary hot water per day with a temperature of 60 °C [37] and to provide space heating and pool water using SWHs and an auxiliary gas boiler of 25 kW. Also, a 300 liter sanitary hot water tank and a 1000 liter space heating hot water tank have been used [46]. According to the location under study, the period of sanitary hot water required is the whole year and the period of space heating is 8 months (October to May).…”

“…In the present work, economic calculations are based on the net present value (NPV) method. is parameter, which is one of the main and most widely used methods of investment evaluation, is calculated by the following equation [46]:…”

Using Rooftop Solar Heating to Supply Part of a High-Rise Residential Building Heat in the Cold Climate of Iran: One-Year Dynamic Analysis

“…Rezapour et al dealt with the dynamic simulation and ranking of the use of SWH at the residential scale in Iran [22]. eir results showed that, on average, 62.5% of the heat required for space heating and 96.1% of the heat required to supply the domestic hot water required by SWHs are provided.…”