Assessment and Management of Diabetic Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

has become a great challenge across the globe, particularly in developing and densely populated countries, such as India. COVID-19 is extremely infectious and is transmitted via respiratory droplets from infected persons. DM, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease are highly prevalent comorbidities associated with COVID-19. It has been observed that COVID-19 is associated with high blood-glucose levels, mainly in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several studies have shown DM to be a significant risk factor affecting the severity of various kinds of infection. Dysregulated immunoresponse found in diabetic patients plays an important role in exacerbating severity. DM is among the comorbidities linked with mortality and morbidity in COVID-19 patients. Chronic conditions like obesity, cardiovascular disorders, and hypertension, together with changed expression of ACE2, dysregulated immunoresponse, and endothelial dysfunction, may put diabetic patients at risk of greater COVID-19 severity. Therefore, it is important to study specific characteristics of COVID-19 in diabetic people and treat these comorbidities along with COVID-19 infection, mainly among old individuals who are already suffering from serious and critical infections. This review will be helpful in understanding the mechanisms involved in COVID-19 and DM, the role of ACE2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis, management of DM, and associated complications in COVID-19 patients.

Diabetes Prevention and Measures to Ensuring a Healthy Lifestyle during COVID-19 Pandemic and after

“…1) Moreover, DM has increased the risk of severe COVID-19-related complications. 3) Table 1 summaries some of the viable methods that the public could adopt for the prevention of DM.…”

“…The global incidence of DM is expected to increase by 48% between 2017–2045 [ 1 ]. Moreover, DM has increased the risk of severe COVID-19-related complications [ 3 ]. Table 1 summaries some of the viable methods that the public could adopt for the prevention of DM [ 5 - 51 ].…”

“…2) The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has revealed the severe and deleterious impacts of long-term inflammatory diseases, such as DM, on our immune systems. 3) The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a massive impact on human health, causing sudden lifestyle changes globally, which in turn might increase the risk of developing numerous chronic diseases, such as DM, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. 4) The main focus of this review is to (1) identify viable measures for the prevention of DM and its subsequent upsurge globally and (2) determine strategies to ensure a healthy lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic and later.…”

The Experiences of Patients with Diabetes and Strategies For Their Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study

“…They should eat healthily, with a balanced amount of fiber and protein. The limited amount of fat in the diet is significant for maintaining blood glucose levels [13]. The success of nutritional therapy in patients with DM depends on how the individual chooses the right food products.…”

An overview of Covid-19 patients with and without comorbid Diabetes Mellitus at Surabaya Hajj general hospital

“…Excessive stress conditions can trigger high secretion of catecholamine and glucocorticoid hormones resulting in an increase blood glucose. This process causes insulin resistance and blood glucose to increase so as to encourage the production of oxidative stress which inhibits the production of glycolysis and proinflammatory cytokines (Verma et al, 2021).…”