Assessing Trauma Across Cultures from a Multigenerational Perspective

Trauma and Resilience Among Refugee and Undocumented Immigrant Women

“…; DSM‐5 ; American Psychiatric Association [APA], ) definition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which focuses on traumatic experiences that involve actual or threatened death or injury, or witnessing such events. However, scholars have advocated for an understanding of traumatic experiences that is ecosystemic, which would enable researchers and counselors to identify and address the complex sources of trauma that may not clearly fall within the DSM‐5 definition (e.g., Burstow, ; Danieli, ; Goodman, ; Kira, ). In this article, our conceptualization of trauma was informed by Burstow's () definition: “Trauma is not a disorder but a reaction to a kind of wound.…”

“…Trauma can arise from experiences of discrimination or systemic oppression, such as racism (Carter, ; Goodman & West‐Olatunji, ). Trauma can also be transmitted across generations, which scholars have described as intergenerational, transgenerational, or historical trauma (Danieli, ; Duran, Firehammer, & Gonzalez, ; Goodman & West‐Olatunji, ). As Kira () noted in his cumulative trauma framework, single‐incident models do not account for the complex and layered experiences of trauma, particularly when working with marginalized populations who might experience intergenerational traumas that are socially made, such as poverty, discrimination, caste systems, and other social and cultural conditions.…”

Where Identity and Trauma Converge: Hindu-Muslim Perceptions of the 2002 Gujarati Riots

“…Bond (2007) believed that what has been neglected in understanding such violence is how culture is "a moderating role in exacerbating its members' degree of perceived distress" (p. 39). Perceived distress is not only related to the intrapsychic and biological realms of the individual, but can be affected by many systems that include, but are not limited to, family, religious, social, and political communities (Danieli, 2007;Drozdek, 2007;Hoshmand, 2007;Fairbank et al, 2003). The degree to which integration of these systems does not occur following violence may leave an individual susceptible to future experiences of trauma (Danieli, 2007).…”

“…Perceived distress is not only related to the intrapsychic and biological realms of the individual, but can be affected by many systems that include, but are not limited to, family, religious, social, and political communities (Danieli, 2007;Drozdek, 2007;Hoshmand, 2007;Fairbank et al, 2003). The degree to which integration of these systems does not occur following violence may leave an individual susceptible to future experiences of trauma (Danieli, 2007). Hoshmand (2007) cautions that assumptions should not be made that all communities have the same stress levels before an identified traumatic event, especially for those groups that have been historically oppressed, nor should assumptions be made that all groups will have the same capacity to respond to the same treatment.…”

Collective Traumas and the Development of Leader Values: A Currently Omitted, but Increasingly Urgent, Research Area

“…Research in psychology and cognitive psychology shows that traumas experienced by individuals in their childhood become part of who they are as adults (Danieli, 1998; Kidron, 2004; Philippe et al., 2011; Ogle et al., 2013). For example, several studies have examined how exposure to trauma experienced during childhood (including exposure to stories of collective torture and murder) reveals positive or negative consequences in individuals’ transitions to adulthood (Yehuda et al., 1998; Ogle et al., 2013).…”