Assessing toxicity mechanism of silver nanoparticles by using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) as model

Real-time assessment of the impacts of polystyrene and silver nanoparticles on the hatching process and early-stage development of Artemia using a microfluidic platform

“…57 Depending on the redox state of the ions, they adsorb on the Artemia cuticle structural component, chitin, via physisorption, causing significant cellular deformation. 124 Among these, Ag 3+ was reported to have higher interaction energy with chitin. 124 Ag ions also interact with biomolecules found within cells, such as nucleic acid.…”

“…124 Among these, Ag 3+ was reported to have higher interaction energy with chitin. 124 Ag ions also interact with biomolecules found within cells, such as nucleic acid. 133…”

“…Ag NPs had greater effects on hatchability and mortality rates than PS NPs, likely due to the higher toxicity of heavy metals, 145,146 which was exacerbated by the interaction of their ions with the cuticle. 124 In addition, while swimming speed increased with Ag NPs, it decreased with PS NPs, possibly due to varying coping mechanisms/effects in response to diverse environmental stimuli.…”

“…4), particularly at the second instar stage when they have an open mouth and even through direct contact with the external surface. 124 NP uptake can impair the digestive tract 55,58,125 infiltrate body tissues, 117,126 increase reactive oxygen species, 55,127,128 reduce body defense mechanisms, 55,56 and cause tissue, 58 DNA and mitochondrial damage, 58,117 contributing to mortality. At the maximum NP concentration (1 mg L −1 ), Artemia mortality for PS and Ag NPs was 28.47 ± 3.41% and 40.66 ± 4.48%, respectively, comparable with the literature.…”

“…124 Among these, Ag 3+ was reported to have higher interaction energy with chitin. 124 Ag ions also interact with biomolecules found within cells, such as nucleic acid. 133 Besides mortality, NPs significantly altered Artemia swimming speed, measured by swimming speed alteration (SSA) (Fig.…”