Assessing the type and quality of high voltage composite outdoor insulators by remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis: A feasibility study

Temporal and spatial characteristics of soluble salt components accreted on the insulator surface

“…Comparing the differences of soluble salt ions in the contamination deposited on the insulator surface near six typical pollution sources mentioned above, as shown in Table 3, it can be found that: (i) There are large differences in the composition of soluble salts for different typical sources. For example, the content of CaSO 4 in coastal areas is relatively low while the content of CaSO 4 in inland industrial areas is relatively high, which is consistent with the results of previous studies [22, 26, 27 ]. (ii) The composition of the soluble salts on the insulator surface in the same category of pollution sources in different areas can be similar or vary greatly. For example, the proportion of CaSO 4 in the contamination of insulators near cement plant #5 is >92%, while the proportion of CaSO 4 in the surface contamination of naturally contaminated insulators around cement plant #5 is <74%.…”

“…(i) There are large differences in the composition of soluble salts for different typical sources. For example, the content of CaSO 4 in coastal areas is relatively low while the content of CaSO 4 in inland industrial areas is relatively high, which is consistent with the results of previous studies [22,26,27]. (ii) The composition of the soluble salts on the insulator surface in the same category of pollution sources in different areas can be similar or vary greatly.…”

“…Due to the variety of pollution sources, such as the ocean, road salting, or cooling tower effluent, the surface of naturally contaminated insulators may contain different amounts of highly soluble salts like NaCl, KCl, Na 2 SO 4 etc. and slightly soluble salts such as CaSO 4 [19][20][21][22]. To facilitate measurement, the water consumption needed in ESDD measurement is very high, reaching about 200 mg/cm 2 as stipulated in relevant standards, such as IEC 60815.1 [14].…”

Atomic spectrometry update: review of advances in the analysis of metals, chemicals and materials

“…This includes a LIBS analysis in which the type and quality of high voltage outdoor insulators were analysed. 96 The insulation efficiency decreases with age because of environmental, electrical and mechanical stresses. A rapid, reliable and non-destructive method of analysis is therefore required to minimise time where the power is shut down.…”

A Closed-form Expression to Estimate the Uncertainty of THD Starting from the LPIT Accuracy Class

“…To this purpose, the literature provides a variety of works tackling almost all particular aspects related to the assets. For example, a critical cable accessory like the cable joint is tackled in [1][2][3][4][5], while studies on electrical insulators have been completed in [6][7][8][9]. Two asset management systems have been developed in [10,11] and the integration of electric vehicles and storage systems into smart grids has been detailed in [12] and [13], respectively.…”