Assessing the Short-Term Impact of Pension Reforms on Older Workers’ Participation Rates in the EU: A Diff-in-Diff Approach

Arpaia, Alfonso; Dybczak, Kamil; Pierini, Fabiana

doi:10.2139/ssrn.1991870

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Figures for Britain in 2013, showed that 42% of women were employed on a part-time basis in comparison with only 13% of men and women’s pay is also consistently lower than men [ 56 ]. Women over 50 have been long shown to have more discontinuous employment histories than men as a result of breaks associated with having children [ 3 , 18 ]. This results in fewer chances to climb up the career ladder for women, which is closely related to pension entitlements and subsequent retirement choices.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, for women in particular, any lack of opportunities to take on more flexible bridge employment could act as a potential barrier to EWL. Similarly, the short-term effect of pension reform in Europe for 50–64 year olds has found that, due to the differing lengths of time that women and men spend in employment and the more stable career paths of males compared to females, pension reforms have resulted in a short-term positive impact on female participation, compared to a modest reduction in male participation [ 18 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in 2012, less than half of 55–64 year olds in the EU were working and more than half of older workers leave work before the default retirement age [ 16 , 17 ]. This is despite the fact that life expectancy is higher and work is less physically demanding, which one would expect should led to higher, rather than lower retirement ages [ 18 ]. For example, in the UK, the average time spent in retirement is still increasing; since the late 1990s, it has risen from 20 to 22 years for men and 25 to 26 years for women [ 5 ], which highlights the complexity of the issue under review.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Barriers and facilitators to extended working lives in Europe: a gender focus

2017

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BackgroundThere is a global imperative to respond to the challenge of a growing ‘old-age dependency ratio’ by ensuring the workforce is healthy enough to remain in work for longer. Currently more than half of older workers leave before the default retirement age, and in some countries (e.g. the UK), the time spent in retirement is increasing. At the same time across Europe, there is a gender employment gap, with 14.5% fewer female workers between 55–64 years old, and a large variation in the participation of older women in the workforce (ranging from 30–75%). As older women are under-represented in the workforce, increasing employment in this group has the propensity to go some way towards reducing the old-age dependency ratio to ensure continued economic growth.ObjectivesThis review explores the barriers and facilitators to extended working lives in Europe, particularly those that impact on women.MethodsA systematic mapping review process was undertaken using four electronic databases, MEDLINE, PsychoINFO, PsychEXTRA via Ovid and AgeLine via EBSCO, using the terms, ‘work’, ‘ageing’, ‘retirement’, ‘pension’, ‘old’, ‘barrier’, ‘extended working life’, ‘gender’ and ‘health and well-being’. Hand searching was also carried out in the International Journal of Aging and Human Development and the International Journal of Aging and Society.ResultsThe search resulted in 15 English language studies published from 1st January 2005 to the current date that met the inclusion criteria.Key findingsThe key factors that influenced decisions to retire or extend working lives in Europe were health, social factors, workplace factors, and financial security and pension arrangements.Conclusions and implications of the key findingsHealth was found to be the most commonly cited barrier to extended working lives in Europe, and a number of social inequalities to work exist by gender. Structural factors exist, such as the gender pay gap, which disadvantages women, while the nature of work itself differs by gender and can have a negative impact on health. Currently, women tend to exit the labour market earlier than men; however, changes in the state pension age are resulting in women being required to work for as long as men, in most countries. For women to remain healthy at work, workplaces need to consider a range of interventions, including flexible arrangements to both work and retirement to enable women to balance the demands of work with domestic and caring responsibilities that particularly impact on them.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Barriers and facilitators to extended working lives in Europe: a gender focus

2017

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“…Other instruments such as flexible retirement or the possibility to combine pension and work give more choice for people's retirement transitions (D'Addio, 2014; see also Ebbinghaus, 2006, 2012). Although latest pension reforms, especially those aiming at postponing labour market exit, are considered incremental rather than radically changing the pension system design (Arpaia, Dybczak, & Pierini, 2009), they make adequate old age income much more dependent on employment and earnings throughout the working life, but specifically at its tail end. This, in turn, reinforces existing inequalities in working life during retirement.…”

Section: The Policy Context Of Extending Working Livesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extending working lives: How policies shape retirement and labour market participation of older workers

Kuitto

Helmdag

2021

Soc Policy Adm

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This study investigates how policies shape retirement and labour market participation of older workers and thus help extending working lives. It employs a time‐series–cross‐section analysis of the effects of macro‐level institutional pull, push and retention factors on effective retirement age and employment rate of older workers in 15 OECD countries from 1992 to 2010. The comparative approach reveals that public pension system rules that have been geared towards postponing retirement in many countries in past decades, indeed, are significant determinants of lengthening working lives. In particular, statutory retirement age and financial disincentives for early retirement proof important. Institutional effects differ by gender, though. Furthermore, the results point to the importance of social policies supporting labour market participation throughout the life‐course: social investment in human capital and public services clearly supports extending working lives.

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“…Whereas studies have found that reforming exit pathways can effectively increase employment of older workers (Arpaia et al, 2009; Ebbinghaus and Hofäcker, 2013), such reforms are not without risks or side‐effects. In the “heydays” of early retirement, Casey (1987) observed that when closing off one exit pathway there is a risk that older workers will start using other exit schemes that, as a result of such reforms, become relatively more accessible or attractive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substitution and spill‐overs between early exit pathways in times of extending working lives in Europe

Riekhoff

Kuitto

Palomäki

2020

Int Social Security Review

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This article investigates to what extent instrument substitution between early exit pathways took place in Europe between 1995 and 2015. Using Eurostat aggregate data on labour market inactivity and employment rates among the population aged 55–64 in 19 European countries, we analyse substitution effects between pathways and overall spill‐over effects into non‐employment. In spite of a strong decline in early exit and rises in older workers’ employment rates, findings suggest that instrument substitution was common especially between early retirement and disability. Reductions in early exit coincided with considerable spill‐overs into non‐employment, yet these spill‐overs were limited when pathways contracted simultaneously.

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Assessing the Short-Term Impact of Pension Reforms on Older Workers’ Participation Rates in the EU: A Diff-in-Diff Approach

Abstract: Assessing the short-term impact of pension reforms on older workers' participation rates in the EU: a diff-in-diff approach

Cited by 7 publications

References 22 publications

Barriers and facilitators to extended working lives in Europe: a gender focus

Barriers and facilitators to extended working lives in Europe: a gender focus

Extending working lives: How policies shape retirement and labour market participation of older workers

Substitution and spill‐overs between early exit pathways in times of extending working lives in Europe

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