Assessing the range of enzymatic and oxidative tunability for biosensor design

Abstract

This review aims to inspire novel biosensor design by addressing materials chemistries through the lense of enzymatic and oxidative susceptibility in the spectra of inflammatory disease biomarkers.

Gold Nanorods as Photoacoustic Nanoprobes to Detect Proinflammatory Macrophages and Inflammation

“…Current technologies for identifying the macrophage phenotype or measuring inflammation in vivo are limited. ROS-sensitive bioluminescent and fluorescent dyes or materials have been used but are typically limited by irreversible ON/OFF mechanisms, imaging modality, or low selectivity. , More advanced technologies, including HYPER probes, have also shown promise, but these require expensive and time-consuming genetic modifications. , Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of a ROS-sensitive, photoacoustic (PA) nanoprobe for macrophage phenotyping and measuring inflammation. The detection method is a ratiometric, PA measurement using two components: (1) a ROS-sensitive dye that is conjugated to (2) a ROS stable nanorod allowing for PA-based visualization of inflammation ascertained using relative PA signals of the two components .…”

“…ROS-sensitive bioluminescent and fluorescent dyes or materials have been used but are typically limited by irreversible ON/OFF mechanisms, imaging modality, or low selectivity. 11,12 More advanced technologies, including HYPER probes, have also shown promise, but these require expensive and timeconsuming genetic modifications. 13,14 Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of a ROS-sensitive, photoacoustic (PA) nanoprobe for macrophage phenotyping and measuring inflammation.…”

Gold nanoparticles conjugated with DNA aptamer for photoacoustic detection of human matrix metalloproteinase-9

“…In particular, MMP-9 plays significant roles in ECM remodeling and membrane protein cleavage, suggesting a close association between MMP-9 and cancer pathologies including cancer cell invasion and metastasis [3] . Due to this relationship, MMP-9 is a good biological target molecule for detection or inactivation of cancer cells [4] , [5] , [6] . However, because of the structural and functional similarity within the MMP family of proteins, it has been quite challenging to detect/target MMP-9 with high selectivity and sensitivity, especially in complex in vivo environments [7] .…”

Poly-d-lysine coated nanoparticles to identify pro-inflammatory macrophages

“… 25,26 Some of the more promising approaches for translational application use gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified with ROS-responsive functionalities. 27,28 For example, Lee and colleagues used fluorescein-conjugated, hyaluronic acid (HA) coated AuNPs to fluorescently label M1 macrophages in vitro caused by oxidative degradation of HA. 29 However, HA is susceptible to both enzymatic (hyaluronidase) and oxidative degradation.…”

“… 29 However, HA is susceptible to both enzymatic (hyaluronidase) and oxidative degradation. In fact, many reaction-based probes suffer from similar cross-reactivity issues, 27 making a material with higher oxidative selectivity necessary for in vivo translation. 30 …”