“…On the one hand, several media scholars have developed a handful of non-Western focused theoretical frameworks, including de-Westernizing media studies (Curran and Park, 2000), re-centering globalization (Iwabuchi, 2002), non-Western modernities (Shome, 2017), regionalization (Jin and Lee, 2012; Otmazgin, 2013), hybridization (Kraidy, 2005), post-colonialism (Ching, 2010; Erni and Chua, 2005), and the Global South (Ma, 2000). As the Global South emphasizes case studies of any individual countries in non-Western regions, some of them modify and challenge existing theories in explaining the emergence of non-Western media systems, like soft power with the ‘Korean Wave’ (Jin, 2016; Nye and Kim, 2013), ‘Bollywood movies’ (Athique, 2019), ‘contra-cultural flow’ with either Al Jazeera or Chinese media (Thussu, 2018; Wu, 2013), and ‘intra-cultural flow’ with the case of Hong Kong and Japan (Fung, 2007). These paradigms are not clearly exclusive as some of them like hybridization and post-colonialism overlap.…”