Assessing the Microbial Communities in Four Different Daqus by Using PCR-DGGE, PLFA, and Biolog Analyses

Abstract

Daqu made from raw wheat, barley or pea is used as an inoculum for the fermentation of Chinese Baijiu. In this study, the microbial communities of four different types of Daqus (sauce-flavor Wuling Daqu, sauce and strong-flavor Baisha Daqu, strong-flavor Deshan Daqu, and light-flavor Niulanshan Daqu) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, and Biolog EcoPlates analysis (Biolog). Clear differences were seen between the microbial communities of the four Daqus. PCR-DGGE showed differences in the number and brightness of bands between the Daqus, indicating the presence of unique bacterial species in Deshan Daqu, Wuling Daqu, and Niulanshan Daqu. Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Bacillus thermoamylovorans, and some unclassified bacteria were unique to Wuling Daqu, Deshan Daqu, and Niulanshan Daqu, respectively. Moreover, some bacterial species were observed in all four Daqus. A total of 26 PLFAs between C12 to C20 were detected from the four Daqus by PLFA analysis. Wuling Daqu had the highest total and fungal biomasses, Baisha Daqu had the highest bacterial biomass, and Niulanshan Daqu had the highest ratio of fungal biomass to bacterial biomass. The Biolog results indicated differences in the carbon source use and mode of the four Daqus, and also demonstrated that each Daqu had varying abilities to utilize different types of carbon sources. The cluster analysis of the three methods showed that the microbial communities of the four Daqus were different. This study also demonstrates the applicability of the three analytical methods in the evaluating of the microbial communities of Daqus.

Analysis of microbial diversity and succession during Xiaoqu Baijiu fermentation using high‐throughput sequencing technology

“…HTS is a simple technique that generates large amount of data [ 7 ]. HTS technology has been increasingly applied to study the diversity and structure of the microbial community during the Daqu Baijiu brewing process, including Daqu , the mud used to seal the fermentation pit, and fermented grains [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Microorganisms produce a majority of flavored substances during the brewing of Baijiu [ 12 ].…”

The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum BW2013 on The Gut Microbiota in Mice Analyzed by 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing

“…Many methods were used to study the gut microbiota, such as the culture of gut microbiota, polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing ( Margiotta et al 2020 ; Ling et al 2020 ). As a relatively new technology, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing opens out new potential avenues of research and facilitates in-depth studies exploring microbial populations and their dynamics in the animal gut ( Peng and Zhang 2009 ; Kim and Isaacson 2015 ).…”

Integrated multi‐omics approaches to understand microbiome assembly in Jiuqu, a mixed‐culture starter

“…Thus, for many years, different methods including PCR‐DGGE, temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) have been widely used in the elucidation of the microbial composition of the microbiota in Jiuqu (Chen et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2019b; Zhang et al., 2019a; Zhao et al., 2020b). By combining traditional culture‐dependent methods and culture‐independent methods, the microbial diversity of the microbiota in Jiuqu has been extensively characterized (Ling et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2011; Xiu et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014a; Zheng et al., 2012). Besides deepening the understanding of the microbial diversity of Jiuqu , PCR‐DGGE is also used to identify targeted microbial communities so as to solve practical problems associated with the production and application of Jiuqu (Du et al., 2013).…”