Who would ever have predicted such an enormous increase in enthusiasm towards teaching children foreign languages all over the world in the late 1970s during the low ebb of interest due to the Burstall, Jamieson, Cohen, and Hargreaves (1974) report? The world has definitely changed a lot since then. As readers will find out, a smorgasbord of recent studies have inquired into how young language learners develop in a variety of programmes.An early start to learn a new language tends to be seen as conducive to proficiency over time. Evidence used to come from second language contexts; however, in recent years a wide range of studies have been conducted on the teaching and learning of modern foreign languages (FL) at an increasingly early age in contexts where the target language is limited to the classroom. The aim of this chapter is to provide a critical overview of issues and challenges characterizing recent empirical research inquiring into early FL programmes. In the first part of this chapter I discuss the Critical Period Hypothesis, the point of departure usually claimed to provide a theoretical underpinning to early modern FL programmes. Then, I introduce models and their aims and time frames for early language learning (ELL). In the third section I overview recently published studies on various aspects of the teaching and learning of modern foreign languages.As will be shown, a range of large-and smaller-scale studies have been implemented to explore how the age factor works in a variety of educational contexts and they tend to fail to support ''the younger the better'' assumption. These findings, however, do not mean that ELL is a waste of time. Studies provide insights into complex ways of how young learners develop and o¤er an opportunity to discuss research methodology and areas for further research. As will be argued, the advantages and outcomes of an early start need to be analyzed in the specific contexts where young learners and their teachers interact with one another in classrooms in hugely varying conditions. Therefore, further research is necessary indeed.Brought to you by | Monash University Library Authenticated Download Date | 6/24/15 12:59 AM