“…According to Leamer and Levinsohn (), the negative effect of the geographic distance on international trade flows is one of the clearest and most robust empirical findings in international economics. The empirical gravity literature on international trade in primary agricultural and processed food products generally focuses on investigating the implications of trade policy barriers (e.g., tariffs, nontariff barriers) and Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) for international trade (Ghazalian, Larue, & Gervais, ; Ghazalian, Tamini, Larue, & Gervais, ; Grant & Lambert, ; Haq, Meilke, & Cranfield, ; Koo, Kennedy, & Skripnitchenko, ; Lambert & McKoy, ; Olper & Raimondi, ; Sarker & Jayasinghe, ; Susanto, Rosson, & Adcock, ; Sun & Reed, ). This literature also reports substantial overall negative distance effects on primary agricultural and processed food trade.…”