Assessing the flood risk to evacuees in outdoor built environments and relative risk reduction strategies

Bernardini, Gabriele; Finizio, Fiorenza; Postacchini, Matteo; Quagliarini, Enrico

doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102493

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Strategies oriented towards the users take into account the response to the disaster conditions in the flood-affected BE, and so they are mainly devoted to the immediate emergency response (including the evacuation) and the immediate aftermath (including evacuation sheltering) [16,[85][86][87]. These strategies include both structural and non-structural measures for increasing the safety of users who can be initially exposed to the flood (e.g., because of their localization in the BE) and who can encounter potential threats over time (e.g., because they can move through or towards flood-affected areas).…”

Section: Strategies Users Orientedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These strategies include both structural and non-structural measures for increasing the safety of users who can be initially exposed to the flood (e.g., because of their localization in the BE) and who can encounter potential threats over time (e.g., because they can move through or towards flood-affected areas). At the same time, they should be founded on the users' behavioral interactions with the surrounding BE and the flood effects on it, which change depending on the emergency management system, as well as on the users' individual features (e.g., motion abilities, age, gender, familiarity with the BE, risk perception) and the relationships with the surrounding users (including those in the same group/family) [85,88,89]. As for other kinds of disasters affecting the built environment [90,91], these behavioral interactions also vary over the emergency time, depending on three main phases [45]: pre-movement, that is before the evacuation starting; evacuation, which implies the users' motion towards a "safer" area; reaching a "safe" area and the immediate aftermath.…”

Section: Strategies Users Orientedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar approach can be adopted in OSs in the BE surrounded by multi-story buildings, such as courtyards, streets and squares, so as to lead users to perform "shelter-in-place" responses by moving into buildings and then upstairs [90]. Users can be guided to gathering areas and shelters provided by emergency plans, by suggesting the proper evacuation path to be followed [85,86,106,107], especially if: (1) users cannot move upstairs, such as for those hosted in activities at the ground floors, and those placed in the OSs (including users moving by car in critical floodwater conditions); (2) risks for users in case of "shelter-in-place" strategies can become unacceptable over time; (3) rescuers' support is aimed at concentrating on the points of interest in the immediate aftermath.…”

Section: Strategies Users Orientedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flood Resilience and Adaptation in the Built Environment: How Far along Are We?

et al. 2022

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Cities are experiencing an increased rate of climate-related extreme events threats derived from climate change. Floods are one of the most challenging issues to address to reduce damages and losses in urban areas. Building resilience through adaptation to these changing conditions has become a common goal for different disciplines involving planning for the future. Adaptation planning is widely recognized as generally applicable to any field. However, there are current limitations to overcome for architectural and urban planning to switch from theory to practice. This paper proposes a critical overview of literature works on flood mitigative strategies and adaptive approaches considering uncertainties, linking strategies for the Built Environment (BE) to mitigate the effects of floods, and operative frameworks to pursue adaptation under changing environmental conditions. The literature selection accounts for the pivotal components of the BE: open spaces (OSs), buildings, and users. Next, we provide an overview of the most relevant adaptive methodologies that have emerged in literature, and, lastly, the planning strategies are discussed, considering the climate-related uncertainties that might undermine the effectiveness of the designed action. The present paper aimed to provide a contribution to the discussion regarding the necessity of making architectural and urban planning adaptive, providing a base for future studies for operative adaptation.

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Section: Strategies Users Orientedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strategies Users Orientedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strategies Users Orientedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flood Resilience and Adaptation in the Built Environment: How Far along Are We?

et al. 2022

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“…In fact, the study of hazard and risk from landslides has been dealt with geomatic methods for several years and many countries (including most European countries) have equipped themselves with digital maps that grade the various risks involved (Vallelongo, 2020;Papathoma-Köhle et al, 2011). It is clear, however, that the new scenarios require the redesign and remapping of a whole series of risks including, for example, that of the potential movement of loose materials (Chen et al, 2011;Canovas et al, 2016;Bernardini et al 2021). One of the current advantages over a few years ago, when many of these mappings were performed, is the greater availability of open software and data that can significantly facilitate these operations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of Open-Source GIS Software and Open Spatial Data for the Re-Evaluation of Landslide Risk and Hazard in View of Climate Change

Baiocchi¹,

Vatore²,

Lombardi³

et al. 2021

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Recent events, including the floods in central Europe in May 2021, have highlighted how climate change is giving rise to scenarios that were neither foreseen nor predictable. One problem this poses is the need to rethink the logic of various environmental constraints that are often based on return times of 20-50 years or 100-200. A single event does not change the statistical expectations for the recurrence of the event itself, but the recurrence of several extraordinary events in a few years is a clear indication of a changing trend. The prevention of the effects of such events is based on the definition of the areas at greater or lesser risk specifically based on the return times of the exceptional events, so it is foreseeable that a series of territorial plans, mostly carried out a few decades ago, will have to be updated or re-executed from scratch. These reworkings will be able to take advantage of the opensource software and open spatial data that have become available in the meantime, facilitating the entire process, and making it more open and shareable. In this paper we tested on a real case (the May 1999 pyroclastic flows in Campania, southern Italy) the actual possibility of implementing a model for forecasting such events using only open-source software and open data. It has been demonstrated that the entire process can be carried out using only open-source resources and it has been verified that the predictions of the hazard and risk model obtained with only input data prior to the event, give an output prediction that is significantly coincident with the events that actually occurred as documented by the authorities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomatics Application for Geography

2021

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The papers in this special issue cover various areas related to Geomatics Applications for Geography as cartography, GIS, remote sensing, photogrammetry and GNSS, which are typical tools used by geoinformation researchers.A very interesting first case study has been developed by Pepe et al. in wich was identified an appropriate survey technique and numerical method for the calculation of volumes extracted in a quarry; also, the impact of the TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) and GRID method was evaluated firstly, by the use of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) photogrammetry and in latter the ease and speed in performing the 3D model by UAV photogrammetry was shown in the manuscript (Pepe et al. 2021).GNSS application was used in two papers: in the work of Innac et al. was evaluate the performance assessment of a Single Point Positioning algorithm (SPP), with a Kalman filter (KF) estimator, adapted for maritime applications, in wich the algorithm is developed in Matlab environment and tested using multi-GNSS single-frequency raw data, collected by a smartphone located on board a ship (Innac et al. 2021). Dardanelli and Pipitone, on the other hand, showed the availability of Continuosly Operating Reference Station (CORS) to understand the effects of a GNSS CORS network geometry and differential corrections on the solutions. The analysis is carried out using ten different network configurations, with different inter-distances between the stations within GNSMART Geo++ software. Different surveys have been performed, including four separate session tests, with acquisitions of one hour each. The analysis has been carried out using the traditional network solutions, such as the Virtual Reference Station (VRS), the Flächen Korrektur Parameter (FKP), the nearest (Near) and the farest (Far) stations. Results confirmed the great reliability of the GNSS network, with centimetre precision in terms of coordinates (North, East and Ellipsoidal Height), whether changing the geometric configuration of the network or the corrections (Dardanelli and Pipitone, 2021).Three papers on GIS were also presented in the Special Issue, and particularly remarkable is the one of Pesaresi et al. in wich after a contextualization about the measures used to contain the COVID-19 diffusion and the need to promote geotechnological proposals, data sharing and homogenous centralised systems for data collection and analysis. Successively, was presented the "Dynamic Space-Time Diffusion Simulator in a GIS Environment to Tackle the COVID-19 Emergency" that was elaborated on the basis of the data provided by the UOC Hygiene and Public Health Service -Local Health Unit Rome 1 (Pesaresi et al. 2021). Also Baiocchi et al. tested on a real case (the May 1999 pyroclastic flows in Campania, southern Italy) the actual possibility of implementing a model for forecasting such events using only open-source software and open data by usign GIS and Web GIS. It has been demonstrated that the entire process can be carried out using only open-source resources and it has ...

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Assessing the flood risk to evacuees in outdoor built environments and relative risk reduction strategies

Cited by 14 publications

References 66 publications

Flood Resilience and Adaptation in the Built Environment: How Far along Are We?

Flood Resilience and Adaptation in the Built Environment: How Far along Are We?

The Contribution of Open-Source GIS Software and Open Spatial Data for the Re-Evaluation of Landslide Risk and Hazard in View of Climate Change

Geomatics Application for Geography

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