Assessing the fire performance of electric cables (FIPEC)

Grayson, S. J.; Hees, Patrick Van; Green, Annette; Breulet, Hervé; Vercellotti, U

doi:10.1002/fam.756

Cited by 65 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, there is no widespread agreement in the industry about which parameters are most meaningful. Therefore, more studies correlating burn performance in key industry tests with results of cone calorimetry on compounds are needed.Cone calorimetry on cable specimens has been successfully correlated with real-scale burn tests [4], which represents an important milestone in cable testing methodology development. Cone calorimetry data on individual wire and cable compounds were not found to be simple predictors for burn performance in composite cable designs using multiple compounds in more than one layer of a construction, but simple composite (multi-layer) tests with multiple compounds provided better results.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cone calorimetry data on individual wire and cable compounds were not found to be simple predictors for burn performance in composite cable designs using multiple compounds in more than one layer of a construction, but simple composite (multi-layer) tests with multiple compounds provided better results. It was concluded that cone calorimetry is a useful screening tool for the cable manufacturer [4].Conventional methods of flame retardancy assessment such as LOI and cone calorimetry require tens to hundreds of grams of material and are not well suited to automation.Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC), also known as microscale combustion calorimetry, has been receiving a lot of recent attention as a potentially useful small-scale screening test to determine flammability of FR materials [5,6]. PCFC measures heat release capacity (HRC), peak heat release rate (PCFC-PHRR), total heat released (PCFC-TotHR), and temperature@peak heat release rate (PCFC-Temp@PHRR).…”

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Correlations between pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and conventional flammability tests with halogen‐free flame retardant polyolefin compounds

2008

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SUMMARYSeven halogen-free flame retardant (FR) compounds were evaluated using pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and cone calorimetry. Performance of wires coated with the compounds was evaluated using industry standard flame tests. The results suggest that time to peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat released (THR) in cone calorimetry (and THR and temperature at PHRR in PCFC) be given more attention in FR compound evaluation. Results were analyzed using flame spread theory. As predicted, the lateral flame spread velocity was independent of PHRR and heat release capacity. However, no angular dependence of flame spread velocity was observed. Thus, the thermal theory of ignition and flame spread, which assumes that ignition at the flame front occurs at a particular flame and ignition temperature, provides little insight into the performance of the compounds. However, results are consistent with a heat release rate greater than about 66 kW/m 2 during flame propagation for sustained ignition of insulated wires containing mineral fillers, in agreement with a critical heat release rate criterion for burning. Mineral fillers can reduce heat release rate below the threshold value by lowering the flaming combustion efficiency and fuel content. A rapid screening procedure using PCFC is suggested by logistic regression of the binary (burn/no-burn) INTRODUCTIONTesting of flame retardant (FR) materials presents technical and scientific challenges. Various enduse applications have unique fire tests, which in most cases have not been correlated to small-scale methods of flammability assessment. To complicate matters further, these tests are often conducted on finished articles rather than pure polymer compounds. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry are among the most commonly cited methods for assessing flammability of FR polymer compounds. Although studies have raised questions about the reliability of LOI in flammability research [1, 2], LOI remains one of the most popular flammability test methods. This is likely due in large part to the fact that measurement of LOI can be done quickly using relatively inexpensive and simple equipment. Despite its popularity, correlation of LOI with performance in industry flame tests is limited, and application to predict burn behavior in actual fires is uncertain [3].Cone calorimetry is another method for flammability assessment of materials, and can be run on raw materials as well as fabricated articles, providing a wealth of data from measurement of a single specimen. While cone calorimetry is steadily gaining in popularity, its use outside of research remains limited due to a number of factors, including the high cost, complexity of cone calorimeters, and the resources required to operate and maintain them. Additionally, there is no widespread agreement in the industry about which parameters are most meaningful. Therefore, more studies correlating burn performance in key industry tests with results of cone calorimetry on compounds are needed.Cone calor...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Correlations between pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and conventional flammability tests with halogen‐free flame retardant polyolefin compounds

2008

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“…If even just one of the wires or cables in a system is damaged or severed, the whole system suffers. The common hazards that pose a threat to these vital conductors of information and electricity are well-documented and vary depending on the type and location of the system [3], [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of optimized reference signal for Joint Time-Frequency Domain Reflectometry-based wiring diagnostics

Crapse

Shin

Dougal

et al. 2008

2008 Ieee Autotestcon

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In order to maintain the integrity and safe operation of a power system, a state-of-the-art wiring diagnostic technique is imperative. Joint Time-Frequency Domain Reflectometry (JTFDR) is proposed as an ideal solution due to it's customizable reference signal and unique time-frequency cross-correlation function. The reference signal depends on three parameters: center frequency, bandwidth, and time duration. Previously, these parameters were chosen based on the frequency characteristics of the cable under test. This paper will fully analyze the changing effects of a wide-range of parameter combinations on two different types of defects. It is determined that there exist optimal reference signal parameters for particular defect types. With this knowledge, JTFDR is able to more sensitively detect various defect types over a longer distance than previously possible.

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“…However, all along it was only possible to assess fire behavior by standard scale tests [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], from bench-scale vertical flame tests for single cable (IEC 332-1, UL 1581 VW-1) and overall fire performance test with cone calorimeter (ISO 5660) to intermediate-scale vertical flame tests for bunched cables (IEC 332-3, UL1581, UL1685, UL 1666) and UL 910 Steiner tunnel test and further to large-scale ISO Room/ Corner Test (ISO 9705), they provided but a simple grading or pass/fail criteria of the materials tested. The data obtained from these assessments apply to the behavior of the material inside the test apparatus and it is rarely possible to use such data to calculate the performance of the material in its end use environment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Preliminary Real-scale Experimental Studies on Cable Fires in Plenum

You¹,

Jianjun²,

Yanghui³

et al. 2003

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Series fire tests simulating cable fires in plenum caused by exposed and aged combustible cables were carried out in a real-scale flatlet model containing burn room, ceiling plenum, and target room. A special communication cable type insulated with HDPE and sheathed with LLDPE was utilized. A related fire reference scenario was designed to simulate how cables in plenum were involved in a fire from potential fire loads to substantial fuel by the role of an external flaming source and to characterize related fire issues. Major concerns are that how various amounts, various ignition means and different ventilation rates impact on fire performances (heat release rate, smoke temperature, smoke obscuration, combustion products, and toxicity) of cables in plenum. It is found that influences of these parameters are obvious. The burning of exposed tested cables in plenum easily poses a high potential of fire hazard even at a relatively low fire load.

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Assessing the fire performance of electric cables (FIPEC)

Cited by 65 publications

References 2 publications

Correlations between pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and conventional flammability tests with halogen‐free flame retardant polyolefin compounds

Correlations between pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and conventional flammability tests with halogen‐free flame retardant polyolefin compounds

Design of optimized reference signal for Joint Time-Frequency Domain Reflectometry-based wiring diagnostics

Preliminary Real-scale Experimental Studies on Cable Fires in Plenum

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