Assessing the effects of positive buoyancy on rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) held in gas supersaturated water

Shrimpton, J. Mark; Randall, D. J.; Fidler, Larry E.

doi:10.1139/z90-139

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Nehring and K. G. Thompson, Colorado Division of Wildlife, unpublished, 1996). Saturations of these levels have been reported to cause a variety of physiological problems for young fish ranging from reduced growth to death (Dennison and Marchyshyn 1973;Schiewe 1974;Bouck 1976;Shrimpton et al 1989;U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Multiple Stressors on Morbidity and Mortality of Fingerling Rainbow Trout Infected withMyxobolus cerebralis

Schisler

Bergersen

Walker

2000

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society

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Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of salmonid whirling disease, has been implicated in year-class losses of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in several rivers in Colorado. The hypothesis that other factors, such as elevated water temperature, bacterial pathogens, and gas supersaturation, are contributing to these year-class losses was tested in a laboratory setting. Fingerling rainbow trout were exposed to all combinations of these stressors for 6 months. Mortality and morbidity were evaluated for each of the test groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Mortality was significantly affected by exposure to M. cerebralis (P ϭ 0.0002) and elevated water temperature (P ϭ 0.0002). Morbidity was significantly affected by exposure to M. cerebralis (P ϭ 0.0001). A significant linear increase (P ϭ 0.0020) in mortality was observed with M. cerebralis infection and addition of all combinations of one, two, and three stress factors.

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Multiple Stressors on Morbidity and Mortality of Fingerling Rainbow Trout Infected withMyxobolus cerebralis

Schisler

Bergersen

Walker

2000

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society

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“…This result is not surprising, given the much lower density of air (0.001 g/mL) than lipid (;0.9 g/mL), which allows small SBV changes to result in much larger WFD changes than could be achieved by similar volumetric changes in lipid. In addition, salmonids are physostomes (the swim bladder opens to the gut); therefore, changes in SBV should be nearly instantaneous relative to the period (days or weeks) required to metabolize lipid (Sheridan 1986), although salmon apparently do not make continual adjustments to SBV (Harvey 1963;Shrimpton et al 1990a;Tanaka et al 2001). However, some estimated SBVs were extremely low (,0.02 mL/g; Figure 2), suggesting that these fish had largely exhausted their ability to become more dense by further decreasing SBV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mommsen (2001) noted that lipids are both slow to metabolize and require more oxygen for metabolism than do other energy storage substances (protein, glycogen); this is a disadvantage given the low solubility of oxygen in water. Fish compensating for positive buoyancy by moving to greater depths and therefore attaining greater compression of gas in the swim bladder (Harvey 1963;Shrimpton et al 1990a) will be hindered by the relative incompressibility of lipid. Furthermore, recent studies have found that Caspian terns Sterna caspia, which are avian surface predators, prey upon hatchery Chinook salmon, coho salmon, and steelhead O. mykiss in preference to wild fish in the Columbia River estuary (Collis et al 2001;Ryan et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the most extreme case, a juvenile coho salmon collected at 3-m depth (the bottom of the collection net) in pure salt water and immersed at a depth of 0.12 m in pure freshwater (for WFD measurement) at constant temperature would have had a greater SBV due to gas expansion than it did at the collection depth. Assuming that the swim bladder was sufficiently elastic to hold the extra volume (Shrimpton et al 1990a), this gas expansion would have resulted in a 22% overestimate of SBV as measured. If this is the case, differences in WFD between fish inhabiting freshwater and marine environments should be even greater than those reported here (Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Buoyancy Regulation by Hatchery and Wild Coho Salmon during the Transition from Freshwater to Marine Environments

Weitkamp

2008

Trans Am Fish Soc

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One aspect of diadromy that has received little attention is buoyancy regulation in fish moving between freshwater and marine environments. Because of density differences between the two water types, fish must alter their whole‐fish density (WFD) or they will become positively (float) or negatively (sink) buoyant as they change environments. This idea was first suggested over 80 year ago but has been largely overlooked by the scientific community. To explore how fish regulate buoyancy during this important transition, I measured WFD and lipid levels and estimated swim bladder volumes (SBVs) of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch collected from freshwater and marine environments. These fish exhibited increased WFD with increasingly dense environments, suggesting active buoyancy regulation. Most of the WFD increase was attributable to decreases in SBV, although hatchery coho salmon also exhibited decreased lipid levels with increasing WFD. Hatchery coho salmon had significantly higher lipid levels than wild coho salmon in both freshwater and marine environments. These high lipid levels may impede the ability of hatchery fish to regulate buoyancy and may increase their vulnerability to surface predators. Furthermore, lipid levels that vary with both environmental water density and fish origin clearly complicate the interpretation of this variable during the important transition from freshwater to the ocean.

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“…When peak flooding occurs, a discharged flood may cause a high TDG level in the water downstream of the dam [16,17]. Previous studies have suggested that chronic exposure could have negative impacts, such as bladder inflation, immunosuppression and decreased growth [18][19][20][21]. Fish dwelling downstream of the dam may be subjected to chronic TDG exposure at a low level prior to peak flooding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of total dissolved gas supersaturation on the tolerance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

et al. 2020

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Background: Total dissolved gas (TDG) caused by the rapid outflow of water from dams may threaten the survival of fish. However, few studies have assessed the impact of fish size on their tolerance to TDG supersaturation in the Yangtze River. To investigate the influences of fish size on the TDG supersaturation tolerance of fish, juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) of two sizes were subjected to TDG-supersaturated water at high levels (125%, 130%, 135% and 140%). Furthermore, varying flood flows may cause different TDG levels during the flood season. Fish may be subjected to low, chronic exposure to TDG before peak flooding occurs. However, TDG tolerance in fish subjected to high levels of TDG-supersaturated water after chronic exposure is rare. To further investigate the tolerance of juvenile grass carp subjected to acute exposure after chronic TDG exposure, juvenile grass carp were exposed to high levels of TDG-supersaturated water (125-140%) after receiving 96 h of chronic exposure (115% TDG). Results: In the single acute exposure and multiple exposures (acute exposure after chronic exposure), similar abnormal behaviours and symptoms of gas bubble disease (GBD) were observed in the juvenile grass carp subjected to the TDG-supersaturated water. No abnormal behaviour or mortality was observed in fish in the first chronic exposure of the multiple-exposure treatment. As the TDG level increased, the mortality of the large and small juvenile grass carp increased. The median lethal time (LT 50) for the large juvenile grass carp was 36.55, 21.75 and 6.37 h at 130%, 135% and 140% TDG levels, respectively, while the LT 50 value of the small juvenile grass carp was 88.13, 61.49 and 35.88 h at the same TDG levels, respectively. In addition, the LT 50 value of juvenile grass carp during acute TDG exposure after chronic exposure was 26.22, 7.54 and 5.34 h at 130%, 135% and 140% TDG levels, respectively. Conclusion: The tolerance of juvenile grass carp decreased with increasing TDG levels. The large juvenile grass carp had weaker tolerance to TDG-supersaturated water than the small juvenile grass carp. In addition, compared with juvenile grass carp subjected to single acute exposure, juvenile grass carp subjected to multiple exposures exhibited lower tolerance and were more vulnerable to the adverse effects of TDG.

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Assessing the effects of positive buoyancy on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) held in gas supersaturated water

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Effects of Multiple Stressors on Morbidity and Mortality of Fingerling Rainbow Trout Infected withMyxobolus cerebralis

Effects of Multiple Stressors on Morbidity and Mortality of Fingerling Rainbow Trout Infected withMyxobolus cerebralis

Buoyancy Regulation by Hatchery and Wild Coho Salmon during the Transition from Freshwater to Marine Environments

Effect of total dissolved gas supersaturation on the tolerance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

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