Assessing the Effects of Adding Messages to Warning Labels

Frantz, J. Paul; Rhoades, Timothy P.; Young, Stephen L.; Schiller, Jean A.

doi:10.1177/1541931200044028113

Cited by 9 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In an attempt to shed more light on this issue, Frantz et al (2000) had 84 participants use a two-drawer file cabinet that displayed a warning label with different numbers of statements-one, three or five. In each of these labels, a target statement, indicating that the bottom drawer was to be filled before the top one to avoid tipping, appeared first in the list.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Influence of Message Length, Location, Repeated Exposure and User Evaluation on Response to Warnings and Instructions

Young

Shah

Frantz

et al. 2004

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Forty-four participants performed two tasks: administering medication with a nebulizer and changing a vacuum cleaner bag. Within the context of each task, participants were exposed to a warning label containing either a single message or a total of five messages. Warning labels were placed so that participants would have to interact with and remove them in order to complete the tasks. Noticing and reading of the warning labels and compliance with a target message were assessed. Data on attention to and use of associated product manuals were also obtained. While the results showed no effect of the number of messages on noticing or reading of the labels or compliance with the target message, several interesting findings were observed. Reasons for non-compliance with warning messages were obtained and the implications of these data are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Influence of Message Length, Location, Repeated Exposure and User Evaluation on Response to Warnings and Instructions

Young

Shah

Frantz

et al. 2004

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

Self Cite

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“…Procedure. In this study, we replicated the experimental design used by Frantz and Rhoades (1993); Frantz et al (2000); and in the second study of Shaver et al (2006). Participants were told that the purpose of the experiment was to analyze how people arrange their work space.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants were randomly assigned to one of six warning label design conditions (see Figure 1). For approximately half (53.44%) of the observations, a 3.8 cm × 12.7 cm warning label with a 1 cm flap warning label was affixed to the front of the file cabinet drawers and wrapped around the side of the file cabinet, consistent with Shaver et al (2006) and Frantz et al (2000). For the rest of the observations, the label was placed on a cardboard bridge across the inside of the top drawer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconsidering the Role of Design Standards in Developing Effective Safety Labeling: Monolithic Recipes or Collections of Separable Features?

2019

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Objective This research investigated whether safety labeling design guidelines, such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z535 series, contribute to better warnings. Background Studies investigating the impact of safety label formatting on warning effectiveness have produced mixed findings. Additionally, research has failed to find a consistent relationship between measures of predicted and actual compliance. One commonality is that all of these studies have investigated the ANSI Z535 guidelines as a binary variable rather than as an integrative system of separable features. Method We measured predicted compliance using both a within-subjects and a between-subjects design, but actual compliance using only a between-subjects design. Data were analyzed using both analysis of variance and linear/probit regressions to test the relationships between warning features recommended in the ANSI Z535 guidelines and measures of behavioral compliance. Results Predicted compliance assessed via a within-subjects design differed greatly from predicted compliance assessed via a between-subjects design. Levels of predicted and actual compliance were most similar when both measures were assessed using a between-subjects design. Consistent with previous research, location had a strong relationship with actual compliance, but surprisingly, presence of an ANSI-style orange warning header had a negative relationship with compliance. Conclusion The choice of experimental design and analytical methods can dramatically influence a study’s results and conclusions drawn. This research identified several aspects of experimental design that should be considered in future research on warning effectiveness. Application Testing features recommended in the ANSI Z535 guidelines under varying conditions can contribute to the development of more effective warnings.

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“…Warnings are most effective when they are presented proximate (in time and space) to the hazard. Frantz, Rhoades, Young & Schiller, (2000) found that 98% of participants noticed a warning that was located on the physical object associated with the task. The placement of warnings included with product instructions has been shown to influence their effectiveness.…”

Section: Placement and Layout Of Warning Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risk Communication and The Hazards of Portable Electricity Generator Use: A Study of Awareness and Knowledge of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Among Resident Nigerian Public University Students

2019

JEES

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The overall objective of the study was to determine Nigerian university students' awareness and exposure to label warnings on portable electric power generators; their level of comprehension of these label warnings; knowledge of carbon monoxide poisoning; and, preventive measures taken to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning. The survey research method was used for this study. Data was collected in Southeastern Nigeria among undergraduate students, by administering questionnaire to a sample of 400 students from four universities. The study found a high level of exposure to label warnings on house hold products but a minimal exposure to label warnings on portable electric power generating sets among these students.Variables like placement of the warnings, font sizes and religious inclination hindered exposure to the warnings and compliance to the warning message; awareness of carbon monoxide information was high and a greater number among the respondents got informed either through their families and friends or read about it; a relatively lower number got informed through the media. While these university students were aware of carbon monoxide poisoning, they were not properly informed of the different symptoms that are associated with the gas and the preventive measures that could prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. This suggests that carbon monoxide poisoning is not being taken seriously as a health hazard among people susceptible to poisoning.

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Assessing the Effects of Adding Messages to Warning Labels

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Exploring the Influence of Message Length, Location, Repeated Exposure and User Evaluation on Response to Warnings and Instructions

Exploring the Influence of Message Length, Location, Repeated Exposure and User Evaluation on Response to Warnings and Instructions

Reconsidering the Role of Design Standards in Developing Effective Safety Labeling: Monolithic Recipes or Collections of Separable Features?

Health Risk Communication and The Hazards of Portable Electricity Generator Use: A Study of Awareness and Knowledge of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Among Resident Nigerian Public University Students

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