Assessing the economic and energy efficiency for multi-energy virtual power plants in regulated markets: A case study in Egypt

Assessing and comparing a DDPG model and GA optimization for a heat and power virtual power plant operating in a power purchase agreement scheme

“…In addition, the proposed model is scalable and workable for similar patterns. The proposed reinforcement learning model is driven by the objective function tailored for renewable-energy-based VPPs working with a “Pay-as-generated” PPA scheme presented by Elgamal, Vahdati [ 33 ], which defines the relationship between the VPP and the grid in terms of power exchange. This scheme is characterized by a lower level of uncertainty, as prices are flat and known, therefore, simulating the VPP with variable market prices is beyond the scope of this paper.…”

“…The modeling formulas and demand data are taken from the model prepared by Elgamal, Vahdati [ 33 ], where this work is a further expansion of the method used to reach a better solution. The objective function and model constraints are explained in the next paragraphs.…”

“…The VPP simulation model is tested using the case study location used in Elgamal, Vahdati [ 33 ] (as shown in Fig. 6 ) and the power and thermal demand are used as inputs to the model accordingly as shown in Fig.…”

The Methods of Assessing the Efficiency of a Virtual Power Plant—Case Study

“…The maximization of a VPP profit and the maximization of both functions energy and exergy efficiency Optimization model by using a genetic algorithm (GA): the equal weigh multi-objective method Elgamal, Vahdati and Shahrestani (2022) [24] Energy management efficiency by using the VPP An overview of various methods used to optimize the operation of the VPP algorithm, including graphing the operation of individual energy sources, among others: linear programming, learning-based algorithms Rouzbahani, Karimipour and Lei (2021) [19] Return of investment in the VPP Payback period (PBP); net present value (NPV) Li, Gao and Ruan (2017) [25] The energy utilization efficiency of the renewable Game theory, Nash-seeking algorithm, scenarios, comparative analysis Lin, Chen and Li (2021) [26] Energy and economic efficiency Technical efficiency (productivity); profitability index as present value of future cash flow by initial investment Minutillo, Perna and Sorce (2019) [27] Source: authors' work.…”

A Dynamic Social Network Matching Model for Virtual Power Plants and Distributed Energy Resources with Probabilistic Linguistic Information

“…VPPs are receiving increasing attention from academia, industry and the ecological design field, and many researchers are further investigating the concept. At present, the research on VPP mainly includes the integration and optimal dispatching of resources [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], operation management [26][27][28][29][30][31][32] and market transaction and control mechanisms [33][34][35][36][37]. Among them, the selection aggregation and optimal dispatching of VPP resources in the project planning stage have been extensively researched.…”