2006
DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00966.x
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Assessing the ecology in ecotoxicology: a review and synthesis in freshwater systems

Abstract: The field of ecotoxicology is experiencing a surge in attention among ecologists as we gain a deeper appreciation for how contaminants can impact natural ecosystems. This interest is particularly strong in aquatic systems where many non-target organisms experience pesticides. In this article, we assess how pesticides affect freshwater systems by applying the conceptual framework of density-and trait-mediated indirect effects from the field of basic ecology. We demonstrate the utility of this framework for unde… Show more

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Cited by 407 publications
(361 citation statements)
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References 99 publications
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“…To compare the relative toxicity of a large number of insecticides directly, agencies responsible for registering and regulating pesticides worldwide (e.g., the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [U.S. EPA], the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], the American Society for Testing and Materials International [ASTM]) have established standardized testing guidelines designed to provide unambiguous cause and effect relationships by examining species in isolation of most biotic and abiotic environmental variation. However, there is a growing recognition not only that the environmental conditions are important in determining the outcome of toxicity tests, but also that they incorporate the reality of what organisms experience in nature [7][8][9].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To compare the relative toxicity of a large number of insecticides directly, agencies responsible for registering and regulating pesticides worldwide (e.g., the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [U.S. EPA], the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], the American Society for Testing and Materials International [ASTM]) have established standardized testing guidelines designed to provide unambiguous cause and effect relationships by examining species in isolation of most biotic and abiotic environmental variation. However, there is a growing recognition not only that the environmental conditions are important in determining the outcome of toxicity tests, but also that they incorporate the reality of what organisms experience in nature [7][8][9].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Após a aplicação, os pesticidas podem permanecer no substrato e em tecidos de organismos vivos ou ainda se volatilizar ou serem transportados pela água quando dissolvidos nesta e aderidos a partículas do solo em suspensão, com potencial de atingir lençóis freáticos e assim contaminar fontes de água potável (NIMMO & MCEWEN, 1994). A característica de alguns pesticidas serem voláteis ou solúveis em água confere a eles também uma ação a longas distâncias de onde foram aplicados, podendo causar danos a uma área intacta e remota (MACDONALD et al, 2000;FAO, 1996;SCHIESARI et al, 2007), sendo um dos meios pelos quais estes compostos alcançam os sistemas aquáticos (RELYEA & HOVERMAN, 2006;SCHWARZENBACH et al, 2006;MARTINELLI & FILOSO, 2008), ameaçando a saúde humana e diversos organismos dependentes deste sistema (SCHWARZENBACH et al, 2006;ANVISA, 2010).…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
“…Dependendo da sensibilidade das espécies à exposição e/ou ao contato com os pesticidas, estes podem ocasionar uma alta mortalidade, resultando em uma redução na densidade das espécies. Além disso, quando não ocorre um efeito letal, as espécies ainda podem estar sujeitas a efeitos subletais, tais como alterações no crescimento dos indivíduos, insucesso na reprodução, supressão da resposta imunológica, alterações fisiológicas, morfológicas e comportamentais, resultando assim em mudanças nas características das espécies (FAO, 1996;RELYEA & HOVERMAN, 2006). Por sua vez, ambos os efeitos sobre as espécies expostas aos pesticidas irão refletir diretamente ou indiretamente na estrutura das comunidades e consequentemente no funcionamento de todo um ecossistema (RELYEA & HOVERMAN, 2006).…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
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