“…In some cases, the publications are used retrospectively by academics to demonstrate that the contribution they have already made to their discipline is equivalent to a PhD; in this case, some universities award what is sometimes known as a "staff doctorate" (Davies & Rolf, 2009;Wilson, 2002) or "PhD by prior publication" (Jackson, 2013). Increasingly, however, the PhD or thesis by or through publications (Niven & Grant, 2012), also known as an article-based PhD (Thune et al, 2012) or publication-based PhD (Sharmini et al, 2015), is undertaken by novice researchers during their doctoral candidature. These "compilation" theses (Dellgran & Höjer, 2012) are generally presented as a series of publications framed by a substantial introductory literature review and concluding discussion (Jackson, 2013).…”