Assessing the Contribution of Demographic Growth, Climate Change, and the Refugee Crisis on Seawater Intrusion in the Tripoli Aquifer

Kalaoun, Omar; Jazar, Mustapha; Bitar, Ahmad Al

doi:10.3390/w10080973

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…As the Lebanese coastal areas often suffer from seawater intrusion (groundwater salination), the entry of salty seawater into the fresh aquifers. Saadeh (2017) [27] , Kalaoun (2018) [14] , El Moujabber (2002) [6] . Gaussen aridity index is the number of months in which Pa < 2Ta, where Pa is the average monthly precipitation (in mm), and Ta is the monthly mean temperature (in °C) for the same period.…”

Section: Precipitation Cannot Meet the Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential natural obstacles to groundwater engineering

Farhat,

Sleiman

2023

J. Civ. Eng. Appl.

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Countries have constantly experienced problems with water resources: much, little, polluted, variable. Over generations, humankind has tried to manage these water resources problems by intervening in its natural courses through redistribution, storage, and regulation. Management and exploitation resulted in systematic knowledge of the behavior of surface and underground water. The center of importance subsequently shifted to groundwater at the beginning of the 20 th century, notably because of its importance for the development of semi-arid areas, like the study area, to accommodate their requirements, particularly in connection with the search for unpolluted drinking water for the growing villages, under controlled conditions. In this respect, the groundwater studies performed earlier in the study area revolved around very simplistic conceptualizations for estimated the groundwater volume far away from the obstacles that may face these works, especially to understanding and modeling subsurface flow and transport. In this study, some values of the mathematical equations used to model subsurface flow and transport have been highlighted, which are subject to uncertainty in determining their actual values, hindering groundwater engineering.

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Section: Precipitation Cannot Meet the Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential natural obstacles to groundwater engineering

Farhat,

Sleiman

2023

J. Civ. Eng. Appl.

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“…According to a study "Assessing the Contribution of Demographic Growth, Climate Change and the Refugee Crisis on Seawater Intrusion in the Tripoli Aquifer", seawater intrusion will be noticed as it would move forward inland, leading to salinization of the aquifer. This is said to be mainly due to climate change and the high demand of water caused by the influx of the Syrian refugees [35].…”

Section: Lebanon: From Focusing On Israel To Emphasizing Refugeesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Syrian Refugees, Water Scarcity, and Dynamic Policies: How Do the New Refugee Discourses Impact Water Governance Debates in Lebanon and Jordan?

Hussein

Natta²,

Yehya

et al. 2020

Water

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Since the Syrian crisis and the so-called “Arab Spring”, new discourses have been created, sparking the discursive water governance debates around water scarcity and hydropolitics. In Lebanon and Jordan—where most water resources are transboundary, and where most Syrian refugees have flown in—new discourses of climate change and especially of Syrian refugees as exacerbating water scarcity are emerging, shaping water governance debates. The aim of this paper is to engage in comparative discourse analysis about narratives of water crises and refugees in Lebanon and Jordan. This study is novel because of the focus on the new discourse of refugees in relation to water governance debates in both Lebanon and Jordan. This paper finds that in both countries the new discourses of refugees do not replace previous and existing discourses of water crisis and scarcity, but rather they build on and reinforce them. This paper finds that the impact these discourses had on the governance debates is that in Lebanon the resources mobilized focused on humanitarian interventions, while Jordan focused on development projects to strengthen the resilience of its water infrastructure and its overall water governance system.

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“…A model applied to north Lebanon showed an advancement of 103 m of seawater, within the next 25 years. Climate change will be responsible for 79% of this higher demand on groundwater, while the demographic pressure will contribute by 25% only (Kaloun et al, 2018). Future climatic conditions in Lebanon would lead to a decrease in annual rainfall levels by 200 mm, and a drop in snow-covered area from 23.9% of the area of the country to less than 19% (Shaban, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of salt-tolerant forage genotypes of millet Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] in Eastern Mediterranean conditions

Atallah¹,

Fadel²,

Bahmad³

et al. 2022

LSJ

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In this study the aim was to evaluate alternative crops able to tolerate thefuture rise in salinity, likely to occur in the East Mediterranean coastal areas. For this, two genotypes of pearl millet (Tall and IP13) were submitted to saline conditions (4, 8, 12 dS.m-1 and 2 dS.m-1 as control) in a field trial. Water consumption using neutron probe technique, physiological response and the production were studied. The neutron probe technique showed that 96% of consumed water originated in the upper 0.45 m. As salinity increased, water consumption became shallower, suggesting a different root distribution. Physiological aspects related to plant height, foliar potassium and uptake of nitrogen were investigated. Tallest plants were found in 4 dS.m-1 in Tall, and in 2 dS.m-1 in IP13. Foliar potassium was similar in Tall variety, while IP13 excluded the potassium, in order to reduce cellular ions. In Tall the 15N technique showed that 40-50% of plant N originated from the fertilizers, irrespective of saline conditions. Fresh weight was not different between 4 and 8 dS.m-1, in three cuts out of five in 2016 and 2017. Tall produced higher dry matter, especially under saline conditions. Best water use efficiency was in 4 dS.m-1 (10.4 kg.m-3 in Tall; 8.8 kg.m-3 in IP13). The plotting of dry matter production against salinity gave quadratic equations, with a peak at 5.6 dS.m-1 for IP13 and 7.1 dS.m-1 for Tall. Tall can be used for phytoremediation of soils in coastal areas, and as a forage crop.

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Assessing the Contribution of Demographic Growth, Climate Change, and the Refugee Crisis on Seawater Intrusion in the Tripoli Aquifer

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

Potential natural obstacles to groundwater engineering

Potential natural obstacles to groundwater engineering

Syrian Refugees, Water Scarcity, and Dynamic Policies: How Do the New Refugee Discourses Impact Water Governance Debates in Lebanon and Jordan?

Performance of salt-tolerant forage genotypes of millet Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] in Eastern Mediterranean conditions

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