“…Several studies have investigated changes in ARG and MGE content during composting, but the conclusions are inconsistent. For instance, the abundance of tetC, tetG, tetW, tetX, sul2, drfA1, drfA7, ermB, ermF, ermQ, ermX and intI1 genes after chicken manure composting with the addition of bamboo charcoal for 26 days was found to decrease significantly, while sul1 increased [144]; the composting of poultry manure for 10 weeks also led to a significant reduction of tetA, tetB tetK, tetM, tetQ, tetS, tetW, ermB, qnrS and bla TEM genes and an increased abundance of sul1, sul2, tetY and aadA genes [141]. The absolute abundances of intI1 and intI2, genes coding for integron integrases, and different erm, sul and tet ARGs were reduced by up to 45% after the composting of pig manure with cotton stalks, with good aeration, for 40 days [143].…”