Assessing the accuracy of measuring leg length discrepancy and genu varum/valgum using a markerless motion analysis system

Hurley, Robert J.; Davey, Martin S.; Newell, Micheál; Devitt, Aiden

doi:10.1016/j.jor.2021.07.010

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Marker motion capture requires optical reflective markers and has high measurement accuracy, but also requires a lot of space, time and cost. Recently, markerless motion capture methods, such as methods to create three-dimensional (3D) images from multiple camera images 17 , methods using depth sensors 18 , 19 and methods using deep learning 20 , 21 , have been validated for accuracy and clinical application. OpenPose, an algorithm for estimating two-dimensional (2D) human poses in images using deep learning, is one such method 22 , 23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and validity of OpenPose for measuring hip-knee-ankle angle in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Saiki

Kabata

Ojima

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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We aimed to assess the reliability and validity of OpenPose, a posture estimation algorithm, for measuring hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle in patients with knee osteoarthritis, by comparing it with radiography. In this prospective study, we analysed 60 knees (30 patients) with knee osteoarthritis. We measured HKA angle using OpenPose and radiography before or after total knee arthroplasty and assessed the test–retest reliability of each method with intraclass correlation coefficient (1, 1). We evaluated the ability to estimate the radiographic measurement values from the OpenPose values using linear regression analysis and used intraclass correlation coefficients (2, 1) and Bland–Altman analyses to evaluate the agreement and error between OpenPose and radiographic measurements. OpenPose had excellent test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (1, 1) = 1.000) and excellent agreement with radiography (intraclass correlation coefficient (2, 1) = 0.915), with regression analysis indicating a large correlation (R2 = 0.865). OpenPose also had a 1.1° fixed error and no systematic error when compared with radiography. This is the first study to validate the use of OpenPose for the estimation of HKA angle in patients with knee osteoarthritis. OpenPose is a reliable and valid tool for measuring HKA angle in patients with knee osteoarthritis. OpenPose, which enables non-invasive and simple measurements, may be a useful tool to assess changes in HKA angle and monitor the progression and post-operative course of knee osteoarthritis. Furthermore, this validated tool can be used not only in clinics and hospitals, but also at home and in training gyms; thus, its use could potentially be expanded to include self-assessment/monitoring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and validity of OpenPose for measuring hip-knee-ankle angle in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Saiki

Kabata

Ojima

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…The rest of the studies were conducted on various other diseases: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) [ 60 ], chronic neck pain [ 61 ], breast cancer [ 9 ], spinal cord injury (SCI) [ 62 ], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) [ 63 ], adhesive capsulitis of shoulder (AC) [ 64 ], dystrophinopathy [ 65 ] and neuromotor diseases [ 66 ]. There were also studies that had been conducted on wheelchair users (n = 2) [ 67 , 68 ], people awaiting total knee arthroplasty (TKR) [ 69 ], patients with gait disturbance [ 70 ], patients with neurodevelopment disorders (NDD) [ 71 ], patients with tremor [ 72 ], patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) [ 73 ], patients with cervical dystonia (CD) [ 74 ] and patients with a variety of diagnoses [ 75 ]. Table 1 summarizes the 65 selected studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ten studies correlated or compared the MMC measurements with clinical assessment scales [ 18 , 23 , 27 , 38 , 46 – 48 , 58 , 65 , 74 ]. Among the other three studies, one applied MMC technology in a comparison with the optic marker system [ 45 ], one used it to measure leg length [ 69 ], and one used it as a tool to assess proprioception [ 10 ]. Only one study reported unsatisfactory results, claiming that the use of the MMC system alone to measure leg length was not accurate [ 69 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the other three studies, one applied MMC technology in a comparison with the optic marker system [ 45 ], one used it to measure leg length [ 69 ], and one used it as a tool to assess proprioception [ 10 ]. Only one study reported unsatisfactory results, claiming that the use of the MMC system alone to measure leg length was not accurate [ 69 ]. The details are listed in the summary table (Table 1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five studies used the leap motion controller (LMC), an optical hand-tracking module [ 8 , 15 , 17 , 39 , 40 ]. The rest of the studies applied the BioStage™ System (Organic Motion Inc., N.Y., USA) (n = 3) [ 56 , 60 , 69 ]; the DARI Motion platform’s motion capture system (n = 1) [ 26 ]; the 4DBODY System (n = 1) [ 42 ], and a nonspecific customized motion capture system (n = 1) [ 61 ]. Table 2 describes and compares the characteristics of these seven types of MMC systems in terms of their mechanisms, set-up procedures, relative costs, the body part(s) that can be captured, and the systems’ methods of data extraction and analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of the applications of markerless motion capture (MMC) technology for clinical measurement in rehabilitation

Lam

Tang

Fong

2023

J NeuroEngineering Rehabil

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Background Markerless motion capture (MMC) technology has been developed to avoid the need for body marker placement during motion tracking and analysis of human movement. Although researchers have long proposed the use of MMC technology in clinical measurement—identification and measurement of movement kinematics in a clinical population, its actual application is still in its preliminary stages. The benefits of MMC technology are also inconclusive with regard to its use in assessing patients’ conditions. In this review we put a minor focus on the method’s engineering components and sought primarily to determine the current application of MMC as a clinical measurement tool in rehabilitation. Methods A systematic computerized literature search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and IEEE. The search keywords used in each database were “Markerless Motion Capture OR Motion Capture OR Motion Capture Technology OR Markerless Motion Capture Technology OR Computer Vision OR Video-based OR Pose Estimation AND Assessment OR Clinical Assessment OR Clinical Measurement OR Assess.” Only peer-reviewed articles that applied MMC technology for clinical measurement were included. The last search took place on March 6, 2023. Details regarding the application of MMC technology for different types of patients and body parts, as well as the assessment results, were summarized. Results A total of 65 studies were included. The MMC systems used for measurement were most frequently used to identify symptoms or to detect differences in movement patterns between disease populations and their healthy counterparts. Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) who demonstrated obvious and well-defined physical signs were the largest patient group to which MMC assessment had been applied. Microsoft Kinect was the most frequently used MMC system, although there was a recent trend of motion analysis using video captured with a smartphone camera. Conclusions This review explored the current uses of MMC technology for clinical measurement. MMC technology has the potential to be used as an assessment tool as well as to assist in the detection and identification of symptoms, which might further contribute to the use of an artificial intelligence method for early screening for diseases. Further studies are warranted to develop and integrate MMC system in a platform that can be user-friendly and accurately analyzed by clinicians to extend the use of MMC technology in the disease populations.

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The difference in leg lengths following total knee replacement for patients with severe osteoarthritic deformity

Hafez,

Mosa,

Abdelaal

et al. 2023

International Orthopaedics (SICOT)

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Purpose Increased height after total knee replacement surgery (TKR) may offer patients higher satisfaction as well as the quality of life. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to document the changes in leg length after TKR in patients with severe bilateral deformities. Methods The data of 61 patients were collected from the Egyptian Community Arthroplasty Register; of them, 21 patients had unilateral TKR while 40 had bilateral simultaneous TKR. The patterns of changes in height of 101 osteoarthritic knees were followed up for 1 year after having TKR. All patients had standing leg X-rays, before and after surgery, to document the length of the femur and tibia before and after TKR. Correlations were assessed using the two-sample t-test. Results The sample was mostly females (56/61, 91.8%). The distribution of the operated side was nearly equal (right knee was 47/101, 46.5%). The overall average leg length difference was 5.4 (SD = 2.3); for the unilateral group, the average was 4.6 (SD = 2.6); and for the bilateral group, the average was 5.6 (SD = 2.3), p = 0.119. We found that leg length may differ according to the varus deformity angle (p < 0.001) as well as fixed flexion deformity (p < 0.001). Conclusions Leg length increased significantly 1 year after TKR. However, there is not enough evidence to suggest that the bilateral group had a greater height increase when compared to the unilateral group.

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Assessing the accuracy of measuring leg length discrepancy and genu varum/valgum using a markerless motion analysis system

Cited by 7 publications

References 22 publications

Reliability and validity of OpenPose for measuring hip-knee-ankle angle in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Reliability and validity of OpenPose for measuring hip-knee-ankle angle in patients with knee osteoarthritis

A systematic review of the applications of markerless motion capture (MMC) technology for clinical measurement in rehabilitation

The difference in leg lengths following total knee replacement for patients with severe osteoarthritic deformity

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