Assessing Socioeconomic Risks of Climate Change on Tenant Farmers in Pakistan

Abstract

The study uses a transformative worldview to give voice to an economically marginalized group of tenant farmers vulnerable to climate changes due to their calamity prone geographical location. Drawing on anthropogenic global warming (AGW) theory lens, we examine the impact of manmade actions on climate change in District “Swat” and “Malakand” of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, Pakistan using a sequential mixed methods research design. Through this research design, the results of quantitative survey were complemented with a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews. In first phase, we conducted a survey of 200 tenant farmers, followed by second wave of data collection involving 12 open-ended in-depth interviews (IDIs). The both qualitative and quantitative results suggest that farmers in both districts are affected by climate change although their crop yield had progressively increased signaling better coping and survival skills than other parts of country. Majority of respondents believed that climate change is something beyond their control in disagreement with AGW theory. Major economic losses were specifically, due to sudden alterations in weather patterns, such as floods, and hailstorms that reduce productivity as well as results in food waste with no avenues available to reclaim the energy laden in organic food waste. Besides, a productivity loss was attributed to outdated farming, lack of awareness regarding sharecropping and crop loan insurance practices. The study concludes that farmers are most vulnerable to climate change in socioeconomic terms as such changes impact their income sources; This inwardly compels cash strapped tenant farmers to delve in practice of informal credit with substantive risks attached which further deteriorates their livelihoods. The study offers understanding of how low-literate and economically marginalized indigenous tenant farmers cope to climate change and offers policy recommendations to advocate for the rights to earn sustainable livelihoods in the face of grand climate challenge.

Farmers Preferred Information Sources Regarding Climate Change Awareness in Mountainous Areas of Punjab, Pakistan

“…This implies that the socio-economic condition of the respondents in the study area was diverse, where education was average, land size was small but farmers were experienced. This is complemented by the findings from the studies such as Rasul and Hussain (2015), Ullah et al (2020), Shahzad et al (2021) and Yousafzai et al (2022) as they endorsed that the farmers living in mountainous regions of Pakistan experience a wide range of socio-economic situations and encounter various obstacles related to both the natural environment and societal factors. Challenges such as poverty, climate change, and limited access to financial services significantly affect the well-being of these farmers.…”

Morphological and Molecular Characterizations of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Influence on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Plant Nutrition

“…Ecologically, the province can be divided into three regions, i.e., the Southern hottest region and the central moderate and Northern cooler regions (Figure ). The three climate regions are as follows: northern symbolized by Chitral District, central region symbolized by Nowshera, Charsadda, and Peshawar districts, and southern region symbolized by Dera Ismail Khan and Tank districts …”

“…The three climate regions are as follows: northern symbolized by Chitral District, central region symbolized by Nowshera, Charsadda, and Peshawar districts, and southern region symbolized by Dera Ismail Khan and Tank districts. 20 …”

Climate change induced human displacement in Bangladesh: Implications on the livelihood of displaced riverine island dwellers and their adaptation strategies

“…Climate change has confronted the world with huge complications and threats in the 21st century ( Tajrin and Hossain, 2017 ). Developing countries are not exception and increasingly vulnerable due to the enhancing regularity and intensity of natural hazards ( IPCC, 2014 ; Islam et al, 2019 ; Yousafzai et al, 2022 ). The shifting trend of temperature, rainfall, sea level rise, and the alteration of severe climate indicators are all manifestations of climate change and its consequences ( Chen and Mueller, 2018 ; Hossain et al, 2020b ).…”