Assessing Single Particle Soot Photometer and Integrating Sphere/Integrating Sandwich   Spectrophotometer measurement techniques for quantifying black carbon concentration in snow

Schwarz, J. P.; Doherty, Sarah J.; Li, F.; Ruggiero, S. T.; Tanner, Carol E.; Perring, A. E.; Gao, R. S.; Fahey, D. W.

doi:10.5194/amt-5-2581-2012

Cited by 110 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Ohata et al (2011) and Schwarz et al (2012) also observed larger rBC particle size in rain and snow, respectively, than in the atmosphere. This fact suggests that the transference between phases (aerosol-hydrosol) may modify the interaction between BC particles and promote coagulation, or that larger particles containing more BC mass are preferentially wet-scavenged.…”

Section: Single-particle Soot Photometermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kaspari et al (2011) estimated 50% losses of particles during the process of nebulizing water samples. The efficiency of the nebulizer is also size dependent; for instance, Schwarz et al (2012) reported lower nebulization efficiency (<10%) for larger particles (∼600 nm). Another issue that potentially affected the concentration of rBC measured by the SP2 was the storage time (15-30 days for this analysis).…”

Section: Single-particle Soot Photometermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schwarz et al (2012) suggested an uncertainty of 30% associated with the nebulization efficiency and 50% uncertainty due to the calibration, resulting in a total SP2 uncertainty estimate of 60% (by addition in quadrature). Kaspari et al (2011) estimated 50% losses of particles during the process of nebulizing water samples.…”

Section: Single-particle Soot Photometermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incandescent emission signal strength is correlated with the rBC mass (Subramanian et al 2010), but conversion of the incandescent signal to rBC mass depends on the material used to calibrate the SP2 (Moteki and Kondo 2010;Gysel et al 2011;Schwarz et al 2012). For this study, the ratio between the incandescent signal and rBC mass was determined using Acheson Aquadag R sized with a DMA (differential mobility analyzer) as a BC proxy.…”

Section: Single-particle Soot Photometer (Sp2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring Organic Carbon and Black Carbon in Rainwater: Evaluation of Methods

Torres

Bond

Lehmann

et al. 2014

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Measuring wet deposition of organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) is crucial for the complete understanding of the global circulation, lifetime, and radiative forcing of these aerosols. There is currently no accepted standard analytical method for measuring OC and BC concentration in precipitation. Different analytical methods have been employed for this purpose, but their feasibility has yet to be assessed. This manuscript evaluates the use of thermaloptical analysis (TOA), single-particle soot photometry (SP2), and ultraviolet-visible (UV/VIS) spectrophotometry for measuring BC in precipitation. In addition, total organic carbon (TOC) analysis was evaluated for the measurement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in precipitation. Potential interferences and sources of bias were assessed for each method. Precipitation samples and reference materials containing carbon particles generated from wood combustion and a natural gas diffusion flame were used in this study. The UV/VIS spectrophotometer, despite showing linearity with BC concentration, had inadequate sensitivity (±18 μg/L) to measure the low concentrations expected in precipitation. The SP2 analysis was adequate to measure refractory BC in precipitation in terms of precision and detection limit; however, systematic loss was estimated to be 34% (±3%). Sample filtration followed by TOA was inefficient for measuring particulate carbon in rainwater, as the quartz fiber filter captured less than 38% of the BC mass. Filtration was improved by adding salts and acids into the water samples, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, (NH 4 )H 2 PO 4 , was determined to be the best additive by increasing the collection efficiency of quartz fiber filters up to 95% (±5%). The TOC analyzer proved to be precise in the expected concentration range (200-5000 μg-C/L) for measuring DOC and total carbon (TC), including particulate OC and 94% (±2%) of the refractory BC in solution.

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Section: Single-particle Soot Photometermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Single-particle Soot Photometermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Single-particle Soot Photometermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Single-particle Soot Photometer (Sp2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring Organic Carbon and Black Carbon in Rainwater: Evaluation of Methods

Torres

Bond

Lehmann

et al. 2014

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…Immediately after melt, the liquid was sonicated and filtered through quartz fiber filters (Supplemental Materials) (Schwarz et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2012). BC and OC on the filters were measured using a method similar to the IMPROVE protocol (Cao et al, 2003;Chow et al, 2004).…”

Section: Samples and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate effect of black carbon aerosol in a Tibetan Plateau glacier

Song

Cao

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Environment

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h i g h l i g h t sWe sampled surface snow and snow pits in the snowmelt season in a Tibetan glacier. We depicted the variability of BC, OC, and dust concentrations. Scavenging efficiency and enrichment for BC and OC were derived. We evaluated BC radiative forcing in snow using SNICAR. a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c tIn the Tibetan Plateau, the black carbon (BC) concentration in surface snow and snow pits has received much attention, whereas the seasonal behavior of aerosol-in-snow concentration, vertical profile, meltscavenging, and enrichment have received relatively little attention. Here we investigate these processes and their impacts on radiative forcing on the Muji glacier in the westernmost Tibetan Plateau during the 2012 snowmelt season. Increasing impurity concentrations were mostly due to post-deposition effects rather than new deposition. On 5 July, BC concentrations in the surface snow were higher than those of fresh snow, implying enrichment via sublimation and/or melting of previous snow. Fresh snow contained 25 ng g À1 BC on 27 July; afterward, BC gradually increased, reaching 730.6 ng g À1 in September. BC, organic carbon (OC), and dust concentrations co-varied but differed in magnitude. Melt-scavenging efficiencies were estimated at 0.19 ± 0.05 and 0.04 ± 0.01 for OC and BC, respectively, and the BC in surface snow increased by 20e25 times depending on melt intensity. BC-in-snow radiative forcing (RF) was approximately 2.2 W m À2 for fresh snow and 18.1e20.4 W m À2 for aged snow, and was sometimes reduced by the presence of dust.

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Elemental carbon measurements in European Arctic snow packs

et al. 2013

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[1] Black carbon (BC) and other light-absorbing particles deposited on snow and ice are known to perturb the surface radiative balance. There are few published observations of the concentration of these particles in the snow in Scandinavia and the European Arctic. We measured BC concentrations in snow samples collected in this region from 2007 to 2009, and we present the results here. The data set includes 484 surface samples and 24 column samples (covering the accumulation season) from snow on land, glaciers, and sea ice. Concentrations up to 88 ng of carbon per gram of snow (ng/g) were found in Scandinavia, while lower values were observed at higher latitudes: 11-14 ng/g in Svalbard, 7-42 ng/g in the Fram Strait, and 9 ng/g in Barrow. Values compare well with other observations but are generally found to be a factor of 2-3 higher than modeled BC concentrations in snow in the chemical transport model Oslo CTM2. This model underestimation comes in spite of potentially significant undercatch in the observations. The spring melt period enhanced BC levels in surface snow at the four sites where the BC concentrations were monitored from March to May in 2008 and 2009. A data set of replicate samples is used to establish a concentration-dependent estimate of the meter-scale variability of BC concentration in snow, found to be around ±30% of the average concentration.

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Assessing Single Particle Soot Photometer and Integrating Sphere/Integrating Sandwich Spectrophotometer measurement techniques for quantifying black carbon concentration in snow

Cited by 110 publications

References 25 publications

Measuring Organic Carbon and Black Carbon in Rainwater: Evaluation of Methods

Measuring Organic Carbon and Black Carbon in Rainwater: Evaluation of Methods

Climate effect of black carbon aerosol in a Tibetan Plateau glacier

Elemental carbon measurements in European Arctic snow packs

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