Assessing quadriceps strength in patellofemoral pain patients: A study on the reliability and validity of a low-cost strain-gauge for clinical practice

Abstract

Background Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common knee complaint affecting diverse populations both acutely and chronically. Quadriceps muscle weakness is one possible aetiology, but current devices for measuring muscle strength (isokinetic dynamometer [ID] and hand-held dynamometers [HHD]) are frequently too expensive (e.g., ID) or lack reliability (e.g., HHD) for practitioners, especially in under-resourced settings. There is a need to evaluate a low-cost device to manage rehabilitation of people with PFP. Methods Isometric quadriceps strength of participants aged 18–35 years (total [n = 33], control group [n = 17] and PFP group [n = 16]) were evaluated on an isokinetic dynamometer and a commercially available strain gauge at baseline and after an 8-week non-standardised intervention. Results The strain gauge showed high absolute and relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.89–0.99; typical error of measurement = 3.9–10.4%). Clinically meaningful difference scores (12.2–45 Nm) were greater than the typical error of measurement, implying sufficient sensitivity of the strain gauge to measure true changes in isometric quadricep strength. Strong to very strong correlations were evident between the strain gauge and isokinetic dynamometer torque measurements (r = 0.88–0.90, SEE = 0.05–0.07 Nm), but slope values (β = 0.65–0.77) indicated that torque from the strain gauge was lower than that obtained from the isokinetic dynamometer. An average systematic bias of 16.3–28.8 Nm was evident in favour of the isokinetic dynamometer, with no statistically significant between-group differences apparent between baseline and follow-up testing. Conclusion The present commercially available strain gauge is reliable and sensitive enough to detect clinically meaningful differences in quadriceps strength of both healthy individuals and those with PFP. However, the strain gauge lacks validity and therefore cannot replace isokinetic dynamometry. Given the low cost and excellent reliability, the strain gauge can be a valuable tool to assess quadriceps muscle deficits and track rehabilitation progress in people with PFP.