Assessing Potential Climatic and Human Pressures in Indonesian Coastal Ecosystems Using a Spatial Data-Driven Approach

Abstract

Blue carbon ecosystems are key for successful global climate change mitigation; however, they are one of the most threatened ecosystems on Earth. Thus, this study mapped the climatic and human pressures on the blue carbon ecosystems in Indonesia using multi-source spatial datasets. Data on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) ocean color standard mapped images, VIIRS (visible, infrared imaging radiometer suite) boat detection (VBD), global artificial impervious area (GAIA), MODIS surface reflectance (MOD09GA), MODIS land surface temperature (MOD11A2), and MODIS vegetation indices (MOD13A2) were combined using remote sensing and spatial analysis techniques to identify potential stresses. La Niña and El Niño phenomena caused sea surface temperature deviations to reach −0.5 to +1.2 °C. In contrast, chlorophyll-a deviations reached 22,121 to +0.5 mg m−3. Regarding fishing activities, most areas were under exploitation and relatively sustained. Concerning land activities, mangrove deforestation occurred in 560.69 km2 of the area during 2007–2016, as confirmed by a decrease of 84.9% in risk-screening environmental indicators. Overall, the potential pressures on Indonesia’s blue carbon ecosystems are varied geographically. The framework of this study can be efficiently adopted to support coastal and small islands zonation planning, conservation prioritization, and marine fisheries enhancement.

Investigation of Global Trends of Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems around Barrang Caddi Island, Spermonde Archipelago Cluster: An Ecological Approach

“…The total sample was 36 packages, each consisting of three sample packages of each type (sediment, seawater, sponges, and fish). The samples were obtained around the BCI waters at three different sampling points (Figure 1) [3,21,[61][62][63]. Physical characteristics were observed at each station, such as the sampling coordinates, pH, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and others (Table 1).…”

“…Marine ecosystems are formed by two main components: biotic (organic) and abiotic (inorganic) elements [1][2][3]. The seascape is vast and is influenced by many factors, causing the characteristics of the sea area to vary [4,5].…”

“…The concern of the world's population about the massive quantity of GTP is indicated by the issuance of G20 recommendations for developed countries to reduce global carbon production [2,29]. Whether we realize it or not, these global trending pollutants' inputs enter the ocean continuously and are difficult to prevent, and it is feared that the toxic components in the waste have the potential to cause anthropogenic hazards in the oceans [3,5,30].…”

School Location Analysis by Integrating the Accessibility, Natural and Biological Hazards to Support Equal Access to Education

“…Moreover, disaster vulnerability could be estimated, especially when ecosystem service calculation is used. Coastal [80][81][82][83], cropland [84,85], and forest ecosystems [86] including mangrove [87][88][89] are the potential ecosystems important to be analyzed for its vulnerability.…”

Spatial Prioritization for Wildfire Mitigation by Integrating Heterogeneous Spatial Data: A New Multi-Dimensional Approach for Tropical Rainforests

“…In addition, multi-source remote sensing data products and socio-economic data have been integrated to support a comprehensive spatial analysis at the national and regional levels [32][33][34][35][36]. Hence, A spatial data-driven approach exposes an opportunity to analyze tropical wildfire mitigation strategy extensively from multiple aspects [37][38][39].…”