2017
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4344
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Assessing phototoxicity in live fluorescence imaging

Abstract: Are the answers to biological questions obtained via live fluorescence microscopy substantially affected by phototoxicity? Although a single set of standards for assessing phototoxicity cannot exist owing to the breadth of samples and experimental questions associated with biological imaging, we need quantitative, practical assessments and reporting standards to ensure that imaging has a minimal impact on observed biological processes and sample health. Here we discuss the problem of phototoxicity in biology a… Show more

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Cited by 381 publications
(365 citation statements)
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References 34 publications
(64 reference statements)
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“…Using longer wavelengths (lower energy) of light is effective [27], but careful consideration of how the light is delivered to the sample in space and time is critical in order to obtain accurate live cell information. Fortunately, discussions of the photo-toxicity of fluorescence microscopes to live samples are becoming more common and researchers are adding new ideas and protocols to lessen the problem [28].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Using longer wavelengths (lower energy) of light is effective [27], but careful consideration of how the light is delivered to the sample in space and time is critical in order to obtain accurate live cell information. Fortunately, discussions of the photo-toxicity of fluorescence microscopes to live samples are becoming more common and researchers are adding new ideas and protocols to lessen the problem [28].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These combined effects offer a technique that allows the user to minimize both photobleaching and phototoxicity [10,[12][13][14], while allowing for long-term imaging studies (up to several days). This is an essential characteristic required for all sorts of developmental biology studies [15][16][17][18], such as organogenesis [19], cell migration [20,21], cardiac development [22][23][24][25], vascular development [26,27], neuro-development [28,29], and generally any kind of in vivo studies.…”
Section: 1a Lsfm Is Low Photodamage and Low Phototoxicmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Normally, the starting point of the design is the size of the object to be imaged, which will then dictate the required size of the FOVof Eq. (12). Once the FOV has been set, a constraint on the NA ill of the illumination arm is imposed.…”
Section: Practical Examples Of Lsfm Implementationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Numerous embodiments have been suggested for OA imaging of areas located at depths ranging from superficial layers to centimeters within biological tissues . In all implementations, the optimal illumination strategy implies confining the excitation light to the region of interest, while avoiding light exposure levels that may cause cell toxicity or other damage to the imaged tissues . For depths beyond the ballistic regime of light (~1 mm in biological tissues), image formation relies on acoustic image reconstruction methods.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%